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4。 So soul； from the circumstances in which it is placed； mistakes its own character； until the truth is revealed to it by some holy teacher； and then it knows itself to be Brahme。”
＇结构简析＇ from the circumstances in which … ，介词短语＋定从，实际上都是修饰mistake
＇参考译文＇ 从它所处的环境中出发，灵魂把自己的身份搞错了。直到某个神圣的先生揭示的事实，那时它才知道自己是个贵族。
5。 We think that that is which appears to be。
＇结构简析＇ 第一个that 是引导think的宾语从句的连接词，第二个that 是代词，作宾从中的主语，指上述“灵魂”整个句子。
＇参考译文＇ 我们想那就是看起来那个样子（情况似乎就是那样）。
写作方法与文章大意
这是一篇从哲学角度探讨人应重视现实的论说文。采用以对比，具体实例说明的写作手法。先用虚伪和欺骗被尊为至高无上的真理一事，跟正视现实，尊重必然的东西对比，引出后者是美好生活的来源。再以大人和孩子对比，孩子更能分辨生活的规律。最后从过去，未来和现在对比，人们对过去认为就是这么一回事，崇拜遥远的一切。作者提醒人们——此时此地的现实是最重要的。
答案祥解
1。 A。 钦佩。本文第三句“如果我们只尊重必然的东西，尊重有权威为必然的东西，那么音乐和诗歌会重新在街上唱诵。”本文最后一句“虽然诗人或艺术从来没有如此美好和崇高的设想，但他们有些后代至少会达到这一步的。”还有难句译注1。这些都说明作者对艺术视为崇高和美好，不是被蒙蔽的东西。
B。 漠不关心。 C。 怀疑的。 D。 排斥。多不对。
2。 B。 孩子们常常比成人更好地棉队各种问题。本文第七句“孩子们游戏生活（整天只知道玩儿），却比难以很好的生活的成人们更清楚的分辨出显示生活的真正规律和种种关系。”
A。 孩子应当实践印度布道宣传的东西。 C。 几乎对其真实出身一无所知。这是讲王子的事情，不是一般孩子。 D。 难以欣赏艺术。并未提及。
3。 B。 珍视目前的真正价值。这在文章倒数第五句“永恒中，确实有真实和崇高的东西存在。但是所有这一切时间，地点，机遇都是在此时此地。上帝本身在现时达到了顶峰。在今后流逝的岁月中，它绝不会更加神圣崇高。我们只有长期不断地灌输和浸润在周围现实之中，才能理解什么是崇高和神圣的东西。不论我们的步伐快还是慢，路线已为我铺定。那就让我们的生命在体会感受中度过。”作者强调现实才是人们应该抓住的。
A。 指望未来给予启迪。 C。 尊重过去的智慧。 D。 在悠闲的活动中花更多的时间。
4。 D。 神学和哲学。整篇文章都传递了这两个内容，特别是哲学推理论说。
A。 历史和经济学。 B。 社会和人口。 C。 生物和物理。
Passage Seven （Forecasting of Statistics）
Nearly two thousand years have passed since a census decreed by Caesar Augustus bee part of the greatest story ever told。 Many things have changed in the intervening years。 The hotel industry worries more about overbuilding than overcrowding； and if they had to meet an unexpected influx； few inns would have a manager to acmodate the weary guests。 Now it is the census taker that does the traveling in the fond hope that a highly mobile population will stay long enough to get a good sampling。 Methods of gathering； recording； and evaluating information have presumably been improved a great deal。 And where then it was the modest purpose of Rome to obtain a simple head count as an adequate basis for levying taxes； now batteries of plicated statistical series furnished by governmental agencies and private organizations are eagerly scanned and interpreted by sages and seers to get a clue to future events。 The Bible does not tell us how the Roman census takers made out； and as regards our more immediate concern； the reliability of present day economic forecasting； there are considerable differences of opinion。 They were aired at the celebration of the 125th anniversary of the American Statistical Association。 There was the thought that business forecasting might well be on its way from an art to a science； and some speakers talked about newfangled puters and high…falutin mathematical system in terms of excitement and endearment which we； at least in our younger years when these things mattered； would have associated more readily with the description of a fair maiden。 But others pointed to the deplorable record of highly esteemed forecasts and forecasters with a batting average below that of the Mets； and the President…elect of the Association cautioned that “high powered statistical methods are usually in order where the facts are crude and inadequate； the exact contrary of what crude and inadequate statisticians assume。” We left his birthday party somewhere between hope and despair and with the conviction； not really newly acquired； that proper statistical methods applied to ascertainable facts have their merits in economic forecasting as long as neither forecaster nor public is deluded into mistaking the delineation of probabilities and trends for a prediction of certainties of mathematical exactitude。
1。 Taxation in Roman days apparently was based on
＇A＇。 wealth。 ＇B＇。 mobility。 ＇C＇。 population。 ＇D＇。 census takers。
2。 The American Statistical Association
＇A＇。 is converting statistical study from an art to a science。
＇B＇。 has an excellent record in business forecasting。
＇C＇。 is neither hopeful nor pessimistic。
＇D＇。 speaks with mathematical exactitude。
3。 The message the author wishes the reader to get is
＇A＇。 statisticians have not advanced since the days of the Roman。
＇B＇。 statistics is not as yet a science。
＇C＇。 statisticians love their machine。
＇D＇puter is hopeful。
4。 The “greatest story ever told” referred to in the passage is the story of
＇A＇。 Christmas。 ＇B＇。 The Mets。
＇C＇。 Moses。 ＇D＇。 Roman Census Takers。
Vocabulary
1。 census 人口调查
2。 decreed 分布法令
3。 influx 汇集，流入（人口或物）
4。 census taker 人口调查员
5。 in the intervening years 在这期间
6。 sampling 取样（调查）
7。 presumable 可能的，可推测的
8。 batteries 一连串，一系列
9。 sage 圣人；聪明的（人—）
10。 seer 先知
11。 newfangled 新型的（贬义）
12。 high…falutin 夸大的，夸张的
13。 deplorable 悲惨的，杂乱的
14。 batting average 平均成功率（原指击球平均得分数）
15。 ascertainable 可以确定的/确切的
16。 delineation 描述
17。 exactitude 精确
难句译注
1。 The hotel industry worries more about overbuilding than overcrowding； and if they had to meet an unexpected influx； few inns would have a manager to acmodate the weary guests。
＇结构简析＇ 复合句。And后为虚拟条件句。
＇参考译文＇ 旅馆业就忧虑旅馆建的太多，不愁人太多。但是如果他们不得不碰到意想不到大批旅客，没有什么旅馆会有一位经理去安排疲惫不堪的客人的食宿。
写作方法与文章大意
文章论及“统计数字预测经济”。采用对比论证手法，还带点讽刺口吻，但气势宏伟。从两千年前恺撒？奥古斯都下令进行的人口调查说起，讲到现在的统计数字预测经济情况。得出应当正确对待预测数字的结论。
答案祥解
1。 C。 人口。答案在第六句，“那时罗马计算人头作为征税的适当基础，目的很简单。”
A。 财富。 B。 流动性。 C。 人口调查员。
2。 A。 正把统计研究从文科转变成理科。这是从第六句开始讲的一种观点。“现在，政府机构和私人组织的一系列复杂的统计数字，由智者和先知人物殷切地浏览和解释以取得预先外未来事件的线索。圣经并没有告诉我们罗马的人口调查员是怎么调查统计的。至于我们当前更加关心的问题：目前经济预测的可靠性，意见分歧很大。美国统计协会125周年庆祝活动上，人们在大肆宣扬这些不同观点。有一种说法是经济预测可能正从文科转向科学（理科）发展。有些人兴高采烈大谈新型计算机和非常高级数学系统。”作者虽然没有明说，明眼人一看便知，艺术向科学转变正是美国统计协会在把统计学从文科转向理科。所以A。 对。
B。 在商业预测方面具有杰出的记录。不对。实际上“平均成功率还低于the Mets”
C。 既没有希望也不乐观。文内没有提及。只提作者他们半喜半忧离开协会。
D。 以数学的精确性来说话。见下道题解释。协会部分人却有此看法“数学精确性。”
3。 B。 统计学（到现在为止）还不是一门科学（理科）。文章最后几句话。“连统计协会的主席也告戒说高能统计法在实际材料原始和不允许的地方一般发挥正常。这跟低级的，不合适的统计员所假定的正好相反。我们怀着忧“希”掺半的心情离开周年庆祝宴会，怀着确实不是新近才有的信念，相信应用于确切材料上恰当的统计法在经济预测中有它的贡献，只要预测人员和公众不受蒙蔽，误呆板所述概率和趋势当作数学精确无比的预测就行。”
A。 统计员从罗马时代起就没向前进步过。 C。 统计员爱计算机。这两项文内没有提到。 D。 计算机前程远大。文内只讲了有些人怀着兴高采烈的心情大讲新型计算机和非常高级数学“系统”，暗示了计算机大有希望。但不是所有人都这样认为的。最重要的计算机的应用并不能改变这个事实：统计学不是立刻，而是文科。所以B。 对。
4。 A。 基督，圣诞节，指基督的诞生。圣经中的一个故事。
B。 the Mets。 圣经中率领希伯莱人出埃及的领袖，也作放债的犹太人讲。 C。 摩西。 D。 罗马人口调查员。
Passage Eight （Wakefield Master’s Realism）
Moreover； insofar as any interpretation of its author can be made from the five or six plays attributed to him； the Wake field Master is uniformly considered to be a man of sharp contemporary observation。 He was； formally； perhaps clerically educated； as his Latin and music； his Biblical and patristic lore indicate。 He is； still； celebrated mainly for his quick sympathy for the oppressed and forgotten man； his sharp eye for character； a ready ear for colloquial vernacular turns of speech and a humor alternately rude and boisterous； coarse and happy。 Hence despite his conscious artistry as manifest in his feeling for intricate metrical and stanza forms； he is looked upon as a kind of medieval Steinbeck； indignantly angry at； unpromisingly and even brutally realistic in presenting the plight of the agricultural poor。
Thus taking the play and the author together； it is mow fairly conventional to regard the former as a kind of ultimate point in the secularization of the medieval drama。 Hence much emphasis on it as depicting realistically humble manners and pastoral life in the bleak hills of the West Riding of Yorkshire on a typically cold bight of December 24th。 After what are often regarded as almost “documentaries” given in the three successive monologues of the three shepherds； critics go on to affirm that the realism is then intensified into a burlesque mock…treatment of the Nativity。 Finally as a sort of epilogue or after…thought in deference to the Biblical origins of the materials； the play slides back into an atavistic mood of early innocent reverence。 Actually； as we shall see； the final scene is not only the culminating scene but perhaps the raison d’etre of introductory “realism。”
There is much on the surface of the present play to support the conventional view of its mood of secular realism。 All the same； the “realism” of the Wakefield Master is of a paradoxical turn。 His wide knowledge of people； as well as books indicates no cloistered contemplative but one in close relation to his times。 Still； that life was after all a predominantly religious one； a time which never neglected the belief that man was a rebellious and sinful creature in need of redemption； So deeply （one can hardly say “naively” of so sophisticated a writer） and implicitly religious is the Master that he is less able （or less willing） to present actual history realistically than is the author of the Brome “Abraham and Isaac”。 His historical sense is even less realistic than that of Chaucer who just a few years before had done for his own time costume romances； such as The Knight’s Tale； Troilus and Cressida； etc。 Moreover Chaucer had the excuse of highly romantic materials for taking liberties with history。
1。 Which of the following statements about the Wakefield Master is NOT True？
＇A＇。 He was Chaucer’s contemporary。
＇B＇。 He is remembered as the author of five or six realistic plays。
＇C＇。 He write like John Steinbeck。
＇D＇。 HE was an acplished artist。
2。 By “patristic”； the author means
＇A＇。 realistic。 ＇B＇。 patriotic
＇C＇。 superstitious。 ＇C＇。 pertaining to the Christian Fathers。
3。 The statement about the “secularization of the medieval drama” refers to the
＇A＇。 introduction of mundane matters in religious plays。
＇B＇。 presentation of erudite material。
＇C＇。 use of contemporary introduction of religious themes in the early days。
4。 In subsequent paragraphs； we may expect the writer of this passage to
＇A＇。 justify his parison with Steinbeck。
＇B＇。 present a point of view which attack the thought of the second paragraph。
＇C＇。 point out the anachronisms in the play。
＇D＇。 discuss the works of Chaucer。
Vocabulary
1。 clerically educated 受过教会教育的
2。 lore 口头传说，口头文字
3。 patristic 有关早期基督教领袖的
4。 vernacular 方言
5。 boisterous 喧闹的
6。 metrical 韵律的
7。 stanza 诗节
8。 medieval 中世纪的
9。 plight 悲惨的命运
10。 secularization 世俗化，脱离教会
11。 pastoral 乡村的
12。 bleak 荒凉的
13。 documentary 记录文献的
14。 monologue 独白
15。 burlesque 诙谐或游戏诗文的，讽刺或滑稽的
16。 Nativity 基督的诞生
17。 epilogue 收场白
18。 deference 敬意，尊重
19。 atavistic 返�