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of production； indeed； they do not perhaps strictly e within the category of what is generally understood to be copperplate engraving。 The drawings were outlined and the songs written upon the metal with some liquid that resisted the action of acid； and the remainder of the surface of the plate was eaten away with aquafortis； leaving the design in bold relief； like a rude stereotype。 This was then printed off in the predominant tone blue； brown； or yellow； as the case might beand delicately tinted by the artist in a prismatic and ethereal fashion peculiarly his own。 Stitched and bound in boards by Mrs。 Blake； a certain number of these leafletstwentyseven in the case of the first issuemade up a tiny octavo of a wholly exceptional kind。 Words indeed fail to exactly describe the flowerlike beautythe fascination of these 〃fairy missals；〃 in which； it has been finely said； 〃the thrilling music of the verse； and the gentle bedazzlement of the lines and colours so intermingle； that the mind hangs in a pleasant uncertainty as to whether it is a picture that is singing； or a song which has newly budded and blossomed into colour and form。〃 The acpanying woodcut； after one of the illustrations to the 〃Songs of Innocence；〃 gives some indication of the general position； but it can convey no hint of the geous purple； and crimson； and orange of the original。
Of the 〃Illustrations to the Book of Job；〃 1826； there are excellent reduced facsimiles by the recentlydiscovered photointaglio process； in the new edition of Gilchrist's 〃Life。〃 The originals were engraved by Blake himself in his strong decisive fashion； and they are his best work。 A kind of deisidaimoniaa sacred awe falls upon one in turning over these wonderful productions of the artist's declining years and failing hand。
〃Leaving the old； both worlds at once they view； That stand upon the threshold of the new；〃
sings Waller； and it is almost possible to believe for a moment that their creator was （as he said） 〃under the direction of messengers from Heaven。〃 But his designs for Blair's 〃Grave；〃 1808； popularised by the burin of Schiavoti； attracted greater attention at the time of publication； and； being less rare； they are even now perhaps better known than the others。 The facsimile here given is from the latter book。 The worn old man； the trustful woman； and the guileless child are sleeping peacefully； but the king with his sceptre； and the warrior with his hand on his swordhilt； lie openeyed； waiting the summons of the trumpet。 One cannot help fancying that the artist's long vigils among the Abbey tombs； during his apprenticeship to James Basire； must have been present to his mind when he selected this impressive monumental subject。
To one of Blake's few friendsto the 〃dear Sculptor of Eternity；〃 as he wrote to Flaxman from Felphamthe world is indebted for some notable book illustrations。 Whether the greatest writersthe Homers； the Shakespeares； the Dantescan ever be 〃illustrated〃 without loss may fairly be questioned。 At all events； the showy dexterities of the Dores and Gilberts prove nothing to the contrary。 But now and then there es to the graphic interpretation of a great author an artist either so reverential； or so strongly sympathetic at some given point； that； in default of any relation more narrowly intimate； we at once accept his conceptions as the best attainable。 In this class are Flaxman's outlines to Homer and AEschylus。 Flaxman was not a Hellenist as men are Hellenists to day。 Nevertheless； his Roman studies had saturated him with the spirit of antique beauty； and by his grand knowledge of the nude； his calm； his restraint； he is such an illustrator of Homer as is not likely to arise again。 For whowith all our added knowledge of classical antiquitywho； of our modern artists； could hope to rival such thoroughly Greek positions as the ballplay of Nausicaa in the 〃Odyssey；〃 or that lovely group from AEschylus of the tender hearted； womanly Oceanides； cowering like flowers beaten by the storm under the terrible anger of Zeus？ In our day Flaxman's drawings would have been reproduced by some of the modern facsimile processes； and the gain would have been great。 As it is； something is lost by their transference to copper； even though the translators be Piroli and Blake。 Blake； in fact； did more than he is usually credited with； for （beside the acknowledged and later 〃Hesiod；〃 1817） he really engraved the whole of the 〃Odyssey；〃 Piroli's plates having been lost on the voyage to England。 The name of the Roman artist； nevertheless； appears on the titlepage （1793）。 But Blake was too original to be a successful copyist of other men's work； and to appreciate the full value of Flaxman's drawings； they should be studied in the collections at University College； the Royal Academy； and elsewhere。 ｛9｝
Flaxman and Blake had few imitators。 But a host of clever designers； such as Cipriani； Angelica Kauffmann； Westall； Uwins； Smirke； Burney； Corbould； Dodd； and others； vied with the popular Stothard in 〃embellishing〃 the endless 〃Poets；〃 〃novelists；〃 and 〃essayists〃 of our forefathers。 Some of these； and most of the recognised artists of the period； lent their aid to that boldly planned but unhappilyexecuted 〃Shakespeare〃 of Boydell；〃black and ghastly gallery of murky Opies； glum Northcotes； straddling Fuselis；〃 as Thackeray calls it。 They are certainly not enlivening those cumbrous 〃atlas〃 folios of 18035； and they helped to ruin the worthy alderman。 Even courtly Sir Joshua is clearly ill at ease among the pushing Hamiltons and Mortimers； and； were it not for the whimsical discovery that Westall's 〃Ghost of Caesar〃 strangely resembles Mr。 Gladstone； there would be no restingplace for the modern student of these dismal masterpieces。 The truth is； Reynolds excepted； there were no contemporary painters strong enough for the task； and the honours of the enterprise belong almost exclusively to Smirke's 〃Seven Ages〃 and one or two plates from the lighter edies。 The great 〃Bible〃 of Macklin； a rival and even more incongruous publication； upon which some of the same designers were employed； has fallen into pleter oblivion。 A rather better fate attended another book of this class； which； although belonging to a later period； may be briefly referred to here。 The 〃Milton〃 of John Martin has distinct individuality； and some of the needful qualities of imagination。 Nevertheless； posterity has practically decided that scenic grandeur and sombre effects alone are not a sufficient pictorial equipment for the varied story of 〃Paradise Lost。〃
It is to Boydell of the Shakespeare gallery that we owe the 〃Liber Veritatis〃 of Claude； engraved by Richard Earlom； and indirectly； since rivalry of Claude prompted the attempt； the famous 〃Liber Studiorum〃 of Turner。 Neither of these； howeverwhich； like the 〃Rivers of France〃 and the 〃Picturesque Views in England and Wales〃 of the latter artist； are collections of engravings rather than illustrated booksbelongs to the present purpose。 But Turner's name may fitly serve to introduce those once familiar 〃Annuals〃 and 〃Keepsakes；〃 that； beginning in 1823 with Ackermann's 〃Fetme Not；〃 enjoyed a popularity of more than thirty years。 Their general characteristics have been pleasantly satirised in Thackeray's account of the elegant miscellany of Bacon the publisher； to which Mr。 Arthur Pendennis contributed his pretty poem of 〃The Church Porch。〃 His editress； it will be remembered； was the Lady Violet Lebas； and his colleagues the Honourable Percy Popjoy； Lord Dodo； and the gifted Bedwin Sands； whose 〃Eastern Ghazuls〃 lent so special a distinction to the volume in wateredsilk binding。 The talented authors； it is true； were in most cases under the disadvantage of having to write to the plates of the talented artists； a practice which even now is not extinct； though it is scarcely considered favourable to literary merit。 And the real 〃Annuals〃 were no exception to the rule。 As a matter of fact； their general literary merit was not obtrusive； although； of course； they sometimes contained work which afterwards became famous。 They are now so pletely fotten and out of date； that one scarcely expects to find that Wordsworth； Coleridge； Macaulay； and Southey； were among the occasional contributors。 Lamb's beautiful 〃Album verses〃 appeared in the 〃Bijou；〃 Scott's 〃Bonnie Dundee〃 in the 〃Christmas Box；〃 and Tennyson's 〃St。 Agnes' Eve〃 in the 〃Keepsake。〃 But the plates were； after all； the leading attraction。 These； prepared for the most part under the superintendence of the younger Heath； and executed on the steel which by this time had supplanted the old 〃coppers；〃 were supplied by； or were 〃after；〃 almost every contemporary artist of note。 Stothard； now growing old and past his prime； Turner； Etty； Stanfield； Leslie； Roberts； Danby； Maclise； Lawrence； Cattermole； and numbers of others； found profitable labour in this fashionable field until 1856； when the last of the 〃Annuals〃 disappeared； driven from the market by the rapid development of wood engraving。 About a million； it is roughly estimated； was squandered in producing them。
In connection with the 〃Annuals〃 must be mentioned two illustrated books which were in all probability suggested by themthe 〃Poems〃 and 〃Italy〃 of Rogers。 The designs to these are chiefly by Turner and Stothard； although there are a few by Prout and others。 Stothard's have been already referred to； Turner's are almost universally held to be the most successful of his many vigtes。 It has been truly saidin a recent excellent life of this artist ｛10｝that it would be difficult to find in the whole of his works two really greater than the 〃Alps at Daybreak；〃 and the 〃Datur Hora Quieti；〃 in the former of these volumes。 Almost equally beautiful are the 〃Valombre Falls〃 and 〃Tornaro's misty brow。〃 Of the 〃Italy〃 set Mr。 Ruskin writes： 〃They are entirely exquisite； poetical in the highest and purest sense； exemplary and delightful beyond all praise。〃 To such words it is not possible to add much。 But it is pretty clear that the poetical vitality of Rogers was secured by these welltimed illustrations； over which he is admitted by his nephew Mr。 Sharpe to have spent about 7000 pounds； and far larger sums have been named by good authorities。 The artist received from fifteen to twenty guineas for each of the drawings； the engravers （Goodall； Miller； Wallis； Smith； and others）； sixty guineas a plate。 The 〃Poems〃 and the 〃Italy；〃 in the original issues of 1830 and 1834； are still precious to collectors； and are likely to remain so。 Turner also illustrated Scott； Milton； Campbell； and Byron； but this series of designs has not received equal mendation from his greatest eulogist； who declares them to be 〃much more laboured； and more or less artificial and unequal。〃 Among the numerous imitations directly induced by the Rogers books was the 〃Lyrics of the Heart；〃 by Alaric Attila Watts； a fotten versifier and sometime editor of 〃Annuals；〃 but it did not meet with similar success。
Many illustrated works； originating in the perfection and opportunities of engraving on metal； are necessarily unnoticed in this rapid summary。 As far； however； as bookillustration is concerned； copper and steel plate engraving may be held to have gone out of fashion with the 〃Annuals。〃 It is still； indeed； to be found lingering in that mine of modern artbooksthe 〃Art Journal；〃 and； not so very long ago； it made a sumptuous and fugitive reappearance in Dore's 〃Idylls of the King；〃 Birket Foster's 〃Hood；〃 and one or two other imposing volumes。 But it was badly injured by modern woodengraving； it has since been crippled for life by photography； and it is more than probable that the present rapid rise of modern etching will give it the coup de grace。 ｛11｝
By the end of the seventeenth century the art of engraving on wood had fallen into disuse。 Writing circa 1770； Horace Walpole goes so far as to say that it 〃never was executed in any perfection in England；〃 and； speaking afterwards of Papillon's 〃Traite de la Gravure；〃 1766； he takes occasion to doubt if that author would ever 〃persuade the world to return to wooden cuts。〃 Nevertheless； with Bewick； a few years later； woodengraving took a fresh departure so conspicuous that it amounts to a re