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the task for DDB Needham was to encourage consumers to consider other aspects of train travel in order to change their attitudes and increase the likelihood that trains would be considered for travel in the west。
Two portions of the total market were targeted： 1） anxious fliers—those concerned with safety； relaxation； and cleanliness and 2） travel…lovers—those viewing themselves as relaxed； casual； and interested in the travel experience as part of their vacation。 The agency then developed a campaign that focused on travel experiences such as freedom； escape； relaxation； and enjoyment of the great western outdoors。 It stressed experiences gained by using the trains and portrayed western train trips as wonderful adventures。
Advertisements showed pictures of the beautiful scenery that could be enjoyed along some of the more famous western routes and emphasized the romantic names of some of these trains （Empire Builder； etc。）。 These ads were strategically placed among family…oriented TV shows and programs involving nature and America in order to most effectively reach target audiences。 Results were impressive。 The Empire Builder； which was focused on in one ad； enjoyed a 15 percent increase in profits on its Chicago to Seattle route。
Q： What’s the author’s purpose in writing this passage？
A） To show the inability of trains to compete with planes with respect to speed and convenience。
B） To stress the influence of the automobile on America’s standard of convenience。
C） To emphasize the function of travel agencies in market promotion。
D） To illustrate the important role of persuasive communication in changing consumer attitudes。
【题目译文】作者写该篇文章的目的是什么？
【答案解析】D。本文首先分析了美国铁路客运公司客运量下降的原因，然后以该公司通过广告来吸引消费者，提高客运量为例，说明了广告在传递信息，引导并改变消费者的消费观念上的重要作用。
Exercise 4
Priscilla Ouchida’s “energy…efficient” house turned out to be a horrible dream。 When she and her engineer husband married a few years ago； they built a 100；000； three…bedroom home in California。 Tightly sealed to prevent air leaks； the house was equipped with small double…paned（双层玻璃的）windows and several other energy…saving features。 Problems began as soon as the couple moved in； however。 Priscilla’s eyes burned。 Her throat was constantly dry。 She suffered from headaches and could hardly sleep。 It was as though she had suddenly developed a strange illness。
Experts finally traced the cause of her illness。 The level of formaldehyde（甲醛）gas in her kitchen was twice the maximum allowed by federal standards for chemical workers。 The source of the gas？ Her new kitchen cabinets and wall…to…wall carpeting。
The Ouchidas are victims of indoor air pollution； which is not given sufficient attention partly because of the nation’s drive to save energy。 The problem itself isn’t new。 “The indoor environment was dirty long before energy conservation came along；” says Moschandreas； a pollution scientist at Geomet Technologies in Maryland。 “Energy conservation has tended to acomentuate the situation in some cases。”
The problem appears to be more troublesome in newly constructed homes rather than old ones。 Back in the days when energy was cheap； home builders didn’t worry much about unsealed cracks。 Because of such leaks； the air in an average home was replaced by fresh outdoor air about once an hour。 As a result； the pollutants generated in most households seldom built up to dangerous levels。
Q： This passage is most probably taken from an article entitled “ ”。
A） Energy Conservation
B） House Building Crisis
C） Air Pollution Indoors
D） Traps in Building Construction
【题目译文】这段文章最可能从《 》文章中选取出来？
【答案解析】C。本文主旨讲的是室内空气污染的危害原因及来历，所以C）最符合题目的要求。
unit 1 总论Day 3 题型及应对策略二（推论题）
题型及应对策略二（推论题）
这类问题的难度相对较大，需要我们不仅读懂字面含义，而且理解其字里行间的隐含意思。
一般题目形式为：
The author seems to be in favor of/against。。。
We can infer/assume that。。。
It can be concluded from the passage that。。。
The passage suggests that。。。
The author of the passage would most likely imply。。。
It can be learned that。。。
请读下面的文章，做出推论题。
Exercise 1
The biggest safety threat facing airlines today may not be a terrorist with a gun； but the man with the portable computer in business class。 In the last 15 years； pilots have reported well over 100 incidents that could have been caused by electromagnetic interference。 The source of this interference remains unconfirmed； but increasingly； experts are pointing the blame at portable electronic devices such as portable computers； radio and cassette players and mobile telephones。
RTCA； an organization which advises the aviation（航空）industry； has recommended that all airlines ban（禁止）such devices from being used during “critical” stages of flight； particularly take…off and landing。 Some experts have gone further； calling for a total ban during all flights。 Currently； rules on using these devices are left up to individual airlines。 And although some airlines prohibit passengers from using such equipment during take…off and landing； most are reluctant to enforce a total ban； given that many passengers want to work during flights。
The difficulty is predicting how electromagnetic fields might affect an aircraft’s computers。 Experts know that portable devices emit radiation which affects those wavelengths which aircraft use for navigation and communication。 But； because they have not been able to reproduce these effects in a laboratory； they have no way of knowing whether the interference might be dangerous or not。
The fact that aircraft may be vulnerable（易受损的）to interference raises the risk that terrorists may use radio system in order to damage navigation equipment。 As worrying； though； is the passenger who can’t hear the instructions to turn off his radio because the music’s too loud。
Q： It can be inferred from the passage that the author 。
A） is in favor of prohibiting passengers’ use of electronic devices completely
B） has overestimated the danger of electromagnetic interference
C） hasn’t formed his own opinion on this problem
D） regards it as unreasonable to exercise a total ban during flight
【题目译文】从本文推断出作者 。
【答案解析】A。纵观全文我们知道，作者对电磁干扰影响飞行安全感到担忧，所以应该是倾向于完全禁止乘客使用电子设备的。
Exercise 2 （1999。6）
The rise of multinational corporations（跨国公司）； global marketing； new communications technologies； and shrinking cultural differences have led to an unparalleled increase in global public relations or PR。
Surprisingly； since modern PR was largely an American invention； the U。S。 leadership in public relations is being threatened by PR efforts in other countries。 Ten years ago； for example； the world’s top five public relations agencies were American…owned。 In 1991； only one was。 The British in particular are becoming more sophisticated and creative。 A recent survey found that more than half of all British companies include PR as part of their corporate（公司的）planning activities； compared to about one…third of U。S。 companies。 It may not be long before London replaces New York as the capital of PR。
Why is America lagging behind in the global PR race？ First； Americans as a whole tend to be fairly provincial and take more of an interest in local affairs。 Knowledge of world geography； for example； has never been strong in this country。 Secondly； Americans lag behind their European and Asian counterparts（相对应的人）in knowing a second language。 Less than 5 percent of Burson…Marshall’s U。S。 employees know two languages。 Ogilvy and Mather has about the same percentage。 Conversely； some European firms have half or more of their employees fluent in a second language。 Finally； people involved in PR abroad tend to keep a closer eye on international affairs。 In the financial PR area； for instance； most Americans read the Wall Street Journal。 Overseas； their counterparts read the Journal as well as the Financial Times of London and The Economist； publications not often read in this country。
Perhaps the PR industry might take a lesson from Ted Turner of CNN （Cable News Network）。 Turner recently announced that the word “foreign” would no longer be used on CNN news broadcasts。 Acomording to Turner； global communications have made the nations of the world so interdependent that there is no longer any such thing as foreign。
Q： We learn from the third paragraph that employees in the American PR industry _______。
A） speak at least one foreign language fluently
B） are ignorant about world geography
C） are not as sophisticated as their European counterparts
D） enjoy reading a great variety of English business publications
【题目译文】从第三段我们可以得出在美国公共关系业中雇员是 。
【答案解析】C。在第二段作者讲到，英国人尤其变得更加老练和富有创造力，所以相对来说，美国人和欧洲同行比不那么老练。
Exercise 3
There seems never to have been a civilization without toys； but when and how they developed is unknown。 They probably came about just to give children something to do。
In the ancient world； as is today； most boys played with some kinds of toys and most girls with another。 In societies where social roles are rigidly determined； boys pattern their play after the activities of their fathers and girls after the tasks of their mothers。 This is true because boys and girls are being prepared； even in play； to step into the roles and responsibilities of the adult world。
What is remarkable about the history of toys is not so much how they changed over the centuries but how much they have remained the same。 The changes have been mostly in terms of craftsmanship； mechanics； and technology。 It is the universality of toys with regard to their development in all parts of the world and their persistence to the present that is amazing。 In Egypt； the Americas； China； Japan and among the Arctic（北极的）peoples； generally the same kinds of toys appeared。 Variations depended on local customs and ways of life because toys imitate their surroundings。 Nearly every civilization had dolls； little weapons； toy soldiers； tiny animals and vehicles。
Because toys can be generally regarded as a kind of art form； they have not been subject to technological leaps that characterize inventions for adult use。 The progress from the wheel to the oxcart to the automobile is a direct line of ascent（进步）。 The progress from a rattle（拨浪鼓）used by a baby in 3000 BC to one used by an infant today； however； is not characterized by inventiveness。 Each rattle is the product of the artistic tastes of the times and subject to the limitations of available materials。
Q： Which of the following is the author’s view on the historical development of toys？
A） The craftsmanship in toy…making has remained essentially unchanged。
B） Toys have remained basically the same all through the centuries。
C） The toy industry has witnessed great leaps in technology in recent years。
D） Toys are playing an increasingly important role in shaping a child’s character。
【题目译文】关于玩具的历史发展，作者的观点是什么？
【答案解析】B。从第三段第一句话，“关于玩具的历史，令人吃惊的并不是它们改变了多少，而是它们一直没有改变”，可以推断出“玩具在历史上基本上保持不变”。
Exercise 4
Amtrak（美国铁路客运公司）was experiencing a down…slowing in ridership（客运量）along the lines comprising it