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highly by all
interviewers．
⑥The appropriately dressed job
applicant indicates his sound judgement．His manner of speaking suggests his friendliness and petence．His curiosity and information about
the position he is seeking demonstrate his sincerity and potential in the job．He exhibits self…confidence through
his knowledge，and he shows
hisenthusiasm for work．If you display these characteristics，with just a little luck，you will certainly succeed in the typical personal interview．
21．2 段落与篇章的结构
根据所给范例，我们可以看到段落的结构很简单，它主要是由三部分组成的：
1）主题句（Topic
Sentence）：引出全段的主题思想。
2）几个支撑句（Supporting
Sentences）：说明或铺叙该段落的主题思想。
3）结尾句（Concluding
Sentence）：总结段落的主旨。
由此，范例段落的结构可表达为：TS/S1，S2，S3，S4/C=
①/②，③，④，⑤/⑥。
TS：主题句
S：支撑句
C：结尾句
同样，段落的组成结构TS/S1，S2，S3，S4/C又可以说是篇章结构的扩展，篇章也由三部分组成：
1）主题段（Topic
Paragraph）：引出并点明支配全篇文章的主题，指出主题所包含的几个方面，确定推展段的内容和形式。
2）支撑段（Supporting
Paragraphs）：由若干段落组成，对主题段所引出的主题展开讨论。其直接作用是支持各段的主题句，间接作用是辅助各段的主题句支持主题段中的主题思想。
3）结尾段（Concluding
Paragraph）：对全文归纳总结。一般可采用以下四种方式对全文进行归纳：a．简明归纳全文；b．回顾主题，使首尾呼应；c．变化措词，重申主题；d、提出问题，启发思考。
21．3 Model Paragraph 21…1．和Model Essay
21…2．的分析
由此可以看出段落范例中的主题句已扩展成为篇章中的主题段；支撑句S1发展为第一支撑段的主题句；支撑句S2成为第二支撑段的主题句……；范例段中的结尾句则成了结尾段的主题句。
Exercise 21…1
Directions：Find the key ideas in each of the sentences of model paragraph and
write short answers for each on the line below．You may use words from the sentence or words of your own to express
the key ideas．The first one
will serve as an example for you．
e．g．successful interview requires
certain qualities
____________________________________________①topic sentence
____________________________________________②____________
____________________________________________③____________
____________________________________________④____________
____________________________________________⑤____________
____________________________________________⑥____________
Exercise 21…2
Directions：Read the model essay again，try to observe the plan of organization of the essay，and write out its organization．The organization of the model essay
is：____________
第二十二单元 篇章的统一性、支撑性、连贯性和一致性
22．1 篇章的统一性（Unity of an Essay）
篇章的统一性是指各推展段落都必须紧扣主题思想，不包含与主题思想无关的任何部分。如果包含与主题思想无关的部分或出现多层意思，就会导致主旨不清，思路混乱。
22．2 篇章的支撑性（Support of an Essay）
只有通过具体的实例、事实、细节或事件对篇章中的主题思想加以充实和发挥，才能使文章的主题更加明确具体。例如：在Unit 21…2范文中的四个Supporting Paragraphs（SP1，SP2，SP3，SP4）都是通过具体的实例、细节，来进一步明确本篇文章的主题思想—To be successful in a job interview，you must demonstrate cetain personal and professional qualities．
22．3 篇章的连贯性（Coherence of an Essay）
篇章的连贯性是指句子与句子，段落与段落的排列组合必须合乎逻辑（意连）；句子间以及段落间的过渡必须自然流畅（形连）。篇章的意连有三种：a．Time Order or
Chronological Order（时间顺序）；b．Space or
Spatial Order（位置或空间顺序）；c．Logical Order（逻辑顺序）。其中，逻辑顺序又可分为三种：
1）Order of
Importance（重要性顺序）
2）Specific…to…General（从具体到总论）
3）General…to…Spacific（从总论到具体）
例如，在Unit 21中的Model Essay中，作者就是以General…to…Specific的逻辑顺序来推展文章主题的。作者先是给出一个Topic Sentence，然后通过四个具体的“You should……”对主题加以支撑、充实，从而达到了意连。
而转换此词语（Transitions）则是篇章形连的重要手段。
Unit 21中的Model Essay也正是通过许许多多的转换词语使文章达到了自然流畅。以下让我们就此范文的首段（TP）和第一支撑段（SP1）为例，来看看转换词语承上启下之作用。
图：42110037ZW_0023_1
22．4 篇章的一致性（Sentence Skills in an Essay）
若要读者完全、正确地领会我们所要表达的思想内容，在写作篇章时，我们必须简洁明白，写出合乎语法规范的句子，正确的语法包括（nouns；pronouns；verb tenses；fragments（不完整的句子）；dangling modifiers（垂悬修饰语）；run…ons（用错逗号的句子或乱加从句的冗长句子），etc．
Exercise 22…1
Directions：Two versions of a passage are given below．Both are unified，supported，and organized，but one version municates more
clearly and effectively its ideas than the other．Which one，and why？
There are times when people are so tired that they fall asleep
almost anywhere．For example，there is a lot of sleeping on the
bus or train on the way home from work in the evenings．A man will be reading the newspaper，and seconds later it appears as if
he is trying to eat it．Or he will fall asleep on the shoulder of the stranger sitting next
to him．
Another place where unplanned naps go on is in the lecture hall．In some classes，a student will start snoring so
loudly that the professor has to ask another student to shake the sleeper awake．Amore embarrassing situation occurs
when a student leans on one elbow and starts drifting off to sleep．The weight of the head pushes the
elbow off the desk，and this momentum carries the rest of the body along．The student wakes up on the floor
with no memory of how he got there．
The worst time to fall asleep is when driving a car．Police reports are full of
accidents that occur when people fall asleep at the wheel and go off the road．If the drivers are very lucky，they are not seriously hurt．One woman's car，for instance，went into the river．She woke up in four feet of water
and thought it was raining．When people are really tired，nothing will stop them from falling asleep—no matter where they are．
（1）There are times when people are so tired that they fall asleep
almost anywhere．（2）For example，on the bus or train on the way home
from work．（3）A man will be reading the newspaper，seconds later it appears as if he
is trying to eat it．（4）Or he will
fall asleep on the shoulder of the stranger sitting next to him．
（5）Another place where unplanned naps go on are in the lecture hall．（6）In some classes，a student will start snoring so loudly that the professor has to ask
another student to shake the sleeper awake．（7）A more
embarrassing situation occurs when a student leans on one elbow and starting to
drift off to sleep．（8）The weight of
the head push the elbow off the desk，and this momentum carries the rest of the body along．（9）The student wakes up on the floor with no memory of how he got there．
（10）The worst time to fall asleep is when driving a car．（11）Police reports are full of accidents that occur when people conk out
and go off the road．（12）If the
drivers are lucky they are not seriously hurt．（13）One womans
car，for instance
went into the river．（14）She woke up
in four feet of water．（15）And thought
it was raining．（16）When people are really tired，nothing will stopthem from falling
asleep—no matter
where they are．
Exercise 22…2
Directions：pare the second version with the first one，and choose the correct answers from
the following choices（The exercise is mainly for sentence skills）
1．In sentence（2）， 2．In sentence（3），
a．missing ma a．run…on
b．missing apostrophe b．sentence fragment
c．sentence fragment c．mistake in subject…verb agreement
d．dangling modifier d．irregular verb mistake
3．In sentence（5）， 4．In sentence（7），
a．sentence fragment a．misplaced modifier
b．spelling error b．dangling modifier
c．run…on c．mistake in parallelism
d．mistake in subject…verb d．run…on
agreement
5．In sentenc（8）， 6．In sentence（11），
a．nonstandard English verb a．irregular verb mistake
b．run…on b．sentence fragment
c．ma mistake c．slang phrase
d．missing capital letter d．mistake in subject…verb agreement
7．In sentence（12）， 8．In sentence（13），
a．missing apostrophe a．mistake in parallelism
b．missing ma b．irregular verb mistake
c．irregular verb mistake c．missing apostrophe
d．sentence fragment d．missing capital letter
9．In sentence（13）， 10．In sentence（15），
a．missing ma around an a．missing quotation mark
interrupter
b．dangling modifier b．irregular verb mistake
c．run…on c．sentence fragment
d．cliché d．mistake in pronoun point of view
第二十三单元 如何用举例法推展篇章
根据不同的写作目的，篇章写作一般分为四种主要类型：
1）Narration（叙述文）
2）Description（描写文）
3）Exposition（说明文）
4）Persuasion and argumentation（议论文）
从本单元起，我们将着重介绍在大学英语四级统考中应用得最为广泛的说明文。说明文常用于阐述事物的特征、本质、性能、结构、用途等。抽象的说明是很难让人理解和接受的，所以在进行说明时我们常用举例法、比较与对照法、定义与分类法、过程分析法和因果法等写作方法推展段落和篇章。这些方法均已在段落推展法之四、五、六、七、八、九中一一做了介绍。以下我们将在第二十三、二十四、二十五、二十六及二十七单元中分别用这些方法对篇章的推展作进一步的讨论。
另外，在今后的各单元中，我们将尽量少用汉语，以便使大家养成用英语思维的良好习惯。
23．1 举例法Examples
在篇章写作中，我们常用实例来对自己的观点或文章的主题思想进行说明、解释，使抽象、难解的事物具体化。这不仅有助于读者感受到我们的观点，而且可使文章读起来生动、有趣。切记：举例时一定要典型，能为文章的主题思想服务；而且还要生动、有趣，给人以深刻印象。
23．2 parison of Two Model Essays（两例范文的比较）
1）My Bad…Tempered Father
My father is easily angered by normal，everyday mistake．One day my father told me to wash the car and cut the grass．I did not hear exactly what he said，and so I asked him to repeat it．Then he went into a hysterical mood
and shouted，“Can't you
hear？”
Another time he asked my mother to go to the store and buy groceries
with a fifty…dollar bill，and told her to spend no more than twenty dollars．She spent twenty…two dollars．As soon as he found out，he immediately grabbed the change
from her and shouted that she was never to do any errands for him again．He did not speak to her for the
rest of the day．
My father also gives my older brothers a hard time with his
irritable moods．One day，he told them to be home from their
dates by midnight；they came
home at 12∶15．He informed them that they were
grounded for three weeks．
To my father，making a simple mistake is like miting a severe crime．
2）My Generous Grandfather
My grandfather is the most generous person I know．He has given up a life of his own
in order to give his grandchildren everything they want．Not only has he given up many years
of his life to raise his children properly，but he is now sacrificing many more years to his grandchildren．
His generosity is also evident in his relationship with his
colleagues，neighbors and
friends．He has been
responsible for many good deeds and has always been there to help all the
people around him in times of trouble．Everyone knows that he will gladly lend a helping hand．
He is so generous that you almost have to feel sorry for him．If one day he suddenly became
selfish，it would be
earthshaking．That's my
grandfather．
23．3 Analysis of the Two Model Essays（两例范文的分析）
The first passage is more effective，for it offers specific examples that show us the father in action．We see for ourselves why the writer
descri