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落装置是否正常；因为他失去了液压动力。他命令机组跳伞。飞行员呆在飞机里；想把它降下去。 一个报信的人从保养维护区跑来说；飞行员安全降落；但飞机在降落时已经毁了。如果机组成员还在飞机上；一定会伤亡不少人。剩下的两个小时；其余机组成员一个个拖着降落伞回来了。没有庆祝；也没有多少讨论；但人们还是对那个飞行员的行为心存感激。 陆军航空队有一条规定；士兵和军官不允许深交；这就是为什么在切里尼奥拉；军官有自己的俱乐部；而士兵另有一个。但他们的帐篷紧挨着；他们一起吃饭；大多数时候；他们互相进入对方的俱乐部。俱乐部有啤酒；一般是不凉的；还有软饮料。大部分第二天早上要出任务的人；甚至连啤酒都不会多喝。大多数军官和军士认为不能深交的规定荒唐可笑。“我们机组是一个家庭；”肖斯塔克少尉说；“我们互相之间一直都有很深的交往。” 飞行员到哪里；机组就到哪里；而他按轰炸大队队长的命令行事。他们和一个步兵排、一个驱逐舰或其他战船的船员组是一样的。他们都需要把他们联结在一起的归属感。无论是在地面；还是在空中；他们共同拥有这种归属感。无论飞行员年纪多大；执行过多少次任务；机组成员都尊重他、信任他；按他说的话去做。同样地；上述那个飞行员让他的机组成员跳伞；而自己一个人降落飞机。尽管那是他的第一次战斗任务。 在欧战胜利50周年纪念日；我和乔（约瑟夫）·赫勒在一起；他是第十二航空队的一名投弹手；《第22条军规》的作者。赫勒告诉我：“我从来没遇到一位坏军官。”惊讶之余；我问：“乔；你创作了梅杰·梅杰少校、卡斯卡特上校、德里德尔将军、蒙德兵德少尉；以及其他一些不好的军官形象。世界上的人都知道他们；你怎么能说你从来没有遇到过坏军官？” “他们都是虚构的；”他回答说；“从我参军；到去意大利；到执行飞行任务；到退伍；我遇到的每一个军官都很好。”在为写作这本书采访麦高文的过程中；我告诉他赫勒的话。麦高文表示同意。“这是我的经验；”麦高文说；“我对飞行员、投弹手、导航员；以及大队的执行官、大队长；都有深刻印象。我觉得他们是一群优秀的人；而且老实说；我想不起任何一个不好的军官。在战斗中；我确定我们的军官知道该怎么做才是最好的———如果他们犯错；也不是愚蠢的错误。我们的军官很棒。” 显然；二战中的美军中有一些虚弱、贫乏、无效率或者马马虎虎的军官；有一些绝对糟糕的军官。但这样的人一到战斗岗位；陆军航空队、陆军、海军或者海军陆战队就会把他们淘汰；立刻。毕竟；人命掌握在他们手中。战斗官员明白这一点；并以此为出发点行动。问问和他们敌对的德国人；就知道他们有多么好。或者去问问日本人也一样。 美国军官很棒。而以上讲述的；就是驻在意大利切里尼奥拉的第455轰炸大队741中队中的例子。
在战斗中学会飞翔（英文版）Learning to Fly in Combat
。。。from The Wild Blue （Chapter 6） by Stephen E。 Ambrose Learning to Fly in Combat The AAF policy in the Fall of 1944 was to have the pilots fly their first five combat missions as co…pilots with a veteran and an experienced crew。 McGovern was； in his words； 〃lucky；〃 because his pilot was Captain Howard Surbeck of Washington state。 He was older； twenty…four…years…old to McGovern’s twenty…two； 〃and he had circles under his eyes and he was obviously feeling the strain of combat。〃 He had flown 25 missions when McGovern flew with him。 It was his tent that Rounds； with McGovern on board； had torn in half with his jeep； but Surbeck never mentioned it to McGovern。 Surbeck let McGovern do quite a bit of the flying from his co…pilot’s seat； sometimes half the mission。 The experience taught McGovern 〃more about what it’s like to have all that gear on and to go to 25；000 feet in sub…zero temperatures and stay in formation and get shot at and all the other things that go with combat missions。〃 Surbeck 〃brought me along。〃 McGovern’s first mission was November 11； 1944 — Armistice Day。 The night before he checked and saw his name on the assignment sheet。 The morning began for him when the operations sergeant came into his tent at 4：00 A。M。 to wake him。 On his first five missions； Rounds and Adams could stay in the sack； as they were not going。 McGovern went to the mess hall for a powdered egg breakfast。 Then he climbed into a truck for the drive to the group’s operations room for the briefing。 At the door； an MP examined his identification and checked his name on the assignment sheet； then opened the door so McGovern and those from his truck could enter。 Inside； the 300 or so crew sat on planks placed over cinder blocks。 When a staff officer announced that they were all present and accounted for； the door was locked。 The Group commander by the Fall of 1944 was Col。 William Snowden。 He was in his mid…forties； a 〃grandfather〃 figure to the pilots and crews。 He had gray hair but a commanding presence。 McGovern said he had 〃the total confidence of everyone in our group。 A good man and a good leader。 Just the way he moved around； he was reassuring without being condescending。〃 When Colonel Snowden strode in； everyone stood at attention。 Snowden climbed onto the platform； put the men at ease； and after saying good morning motioned to a member of his staff to pull a draw string。 Behind the curtain was a large map of southern and central Europe。 The pilots and crew members saw their route and the target drawn on the map with erasable marks。 When it was Vienna； or Munich； or any other target known to be well defended by antiaircraft guns； or if it was four or more hours flying time from Cerignola； a dismal groan slowly became audible； but on this occasion there were murmurs of approval because the target was Linz； Austria； not so terribly far away； without any known antiaircraft batteries to fly over； and not so well protected itself。 It could be what the men called a 〃milk run。〃 Later in the war Linz would become one of the most heavily defended targets in Europe。 Colonel Snowden got the men to quiet down and gave way to the weather officer； who described what the cloud cover and winds were likely to be like over Linz。。 Then he went over conditions on the route and what to expect on the way home and what it would be like over Cerignola when they got back。 Next the operations officer described the nature of the marshaling yards they were going after and explained that the mission was important because the Germans were moving men and materiel through Linz on their way to the Italian front。 He warned the pilots and bombardiers to make every possible effort to avoid hitting the cultural sites and educational buildings。 By this stage of the war； the bombardiers in the squadron would toggle their switches when they saw the lead plane； with the best navigator and bombardier； drop its bombs。 Next the men were told who would be the pilot of the lead plane。 He was always a good pilot。 Sometimes he was a major； but often Colonel Snowden would lead the missions — when that happened； the men would again mummer their approval。 The briefing would conclude with the group chaplain leading them in a prayer。 Dismissal came from Snowden； but only after he had the men 〃hack〃 their watches。 They would pull the stems of their watches when the second hand reached 12。 Snowden would have them set the minute and hour hands to correspond to his； then count to ten and call 〃hack；〃 and they would push the stems back in。 They filed out of the briefing room； to go to another briefing — one for pilots and co…pilots； another for radio operators； another for navigators and bombardiers； still another for gunners。 The men climbed into trucks for the ride to the storage sheds just off the runway where their flying equipment and parachutes were located。 Each crew got out and dressed for the mission。 They were going up to 20；000 feet or even higher and it was going to be cold up there； between 20 and 50 degrees below zero Fahrenheit。 McGovern and the others pulled on heavy winter underwear。 Next they put on long wool socks and a wool military uniform； slacks and shirts olive drab。 Then a leather jacket and leather trousers； both lined with sheepskin； then sheepskin…lined heavy boots。 Big； heavy silk…lined leather gloves followed。 The sheepskin…lined helmet came down over the ears。 Surbeck and McGovern wore Colt 。45 pistols in a shoulder holster； then put on backpacks containing their parachutes。 The other crew members picked up their parachutes in chest packs； which they carried into the plane by hand。 They could snap them on if needed。 The parachute packers made their standard joke when giving them out； 〃If it doesn’t work； bring it back and I’ll give you another。〃 Dressed； they walked to their plane on its hard stand。 Surbeck； accompanied by the chief of the ground crew； walked around the B…24； checking it out visually。 The navigator； bombardier； radioman； and gunners would check out their equipment。 Later； when the plane had gotten up to 10；000 feet； the pilots and crew put on their oxygen masks。 It covered the nose。 They plugged electric cords from their electrically heated flight suits into an outlet on the plane — the four engines created the power for the electricity。 They could adjust the heat； turning it down a little or up a bit as needed。 Below 15；000 feet the crew took off their oxygen masks。 Surbeck and McGovern kept theirs on until they were down to 10；000 feet。 At that altitude； all the smokers lit their cigarettes。 The smoke was so thick it looked like there was a fire。 The bombs had been loaded during the night into the bomb bay by the ground crew led by an ordnance officer。 They assembled the bombs by taking the stabilizing fins； stored in a separate box； and screwing them on the bombs。 Using winches and tractors； the ground crews had hoisted the unwieldy； blunt…nosed 500 pound bombs into their racks。 They were inserted into the B…24's womb in a horizontal position and attached to the metal racks。 They had a cardboard tag between the bomb and the nose fuse； and at the back end a wire…arming pin。 The tail gunner would crawl out on the cat walk over the bomb bay door to pull the tag and then the pin。 Climbing into the B…24 with those big heavy boots and the layers of clothes was always cumbersome； as the men waddled ponderously。 They carried flak jackets； mandatory since Ploesti。 The crew members had difficulty getting themselves into and adjusted in their cramped positions； especially the nose turret and the tail gunner。 The belly turret gunner waited until they were in the air before squeezing — with the help of the waist gunner — into his bubble。 Surbeck and McGovern settled into their seats； with their parachutes serving as a sort…of back rest。 The seats were encased in cast iron。 The iron came up to the knees； then under the seat and up the back。 It was there in the event that flak hit the plane on the bottom side so that； in McGovern’s words； 〃the pilot and co…pilot would have some chance of survival because somebody has to fly the airplane。 It wasn’t that they were worth more than anybody else on the crew； but if both got killed or badly injured； that plane is going to go down。〃 The moment Surbeck got into the plane； went to his seat； and put on his earphones and mike — attached to his helmet — he was； in McGovern’s words； 〃totally in command； of the officers and sergeants。〃 McGovern already knew that； but watching Captain Surbeck go through his routine reinforced the point。 McGovern explained； 〃It had to be that way because the pilot was the only one with his hands on the controls that determined where the plane was going to go and how it was going to be flown。〃 Of course he had help； especially from the navigator and bombardier； the radio operator and the flight engineers； 〃but the request for their help came from Surbeck。〃 It was his job to check on the crew； frequently。 He needed to make sure that nobody’s oxygen hose had come unhooked； if a tail gunner or someone else failed to answer when the pilot called to him on the intercom； he might well have passed out from a lack of oxygen or frozen because his electric plug had come out； without ever noticing that his hose or wire was unhooked。 These and other things Surbeck did as a matter of routine； McGovern noted。 To get the engines started； Surbeck would signal to the flight engineer； who would start the single…cylinder gasoline…powered unit on the B…24。 It was called the 〃putt…putt〃 and gave a boost to the batteries。 Engine number three； the one nearest McGovern； started first。 It powered the generators which helped start the other engines。 When all were operating； Surbeck did a 〃run up；〃 checking on each engine’s performance； magnetos； temperature and pressure checks of fuel； oil and hydraulic systems。 When a flare went up planes began to move out of their hard stands over the taxiway and onto the runway； looking like elephants getting ready fo