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A
AB Design
A single subject research design that contains one baseline （A） and one treatment （B）。
ABAB Design
A single subject research design that contains a baseline （A1）； treatment （B1）； a second baseline （B2） and a second treatment phase （B2）
Alpha （lowercase小写字母）
The abbreviation for probability of error in statistical results。 See Type I Error。 （a）
Alternative Hypothesis 被择假设
The hypothesis that states there is a difference between two or more sets of data。
Absolute Zero
Characteristic of a scale of measurement that contains a point where the scale has no value。
Acmodation 顺应
The creation of new cognitive schemas when objects； experiences； or other information does not fit with existing schemas。
Action Potential
The firing on a neuron。 Occurs when the charge inside the neuron bees more positive than the charge outside。
Acetycholine乙酰胆碱
A neurotransmitter associated with voluntary movement； sleep and wakefulness。
Aggressive
An interpersonal style where only the immediate needs of the self are considered rather than the needs of others。 （As opposed to passive or assertive）
Agoraphobia 广场恐怖症
An anxiety disorder characterized by an intense fear of leaving one's home。
All or None Law
Either a neuron pletely fires or it does not fire at all。
Alpha （lowercase）
The abbreviation for probability of error in statistical results。 See Type I Error。 （a）
Alternative Hypothesis
The hypothesis that states there is a difference between two or more sets of data。
Altruism利他主义
Behavior that is unselfish and may even be detrimental but which benefits others。
Amnesia遗忘
Loss of memory。 Usually only a partial loss such as for a period of time or biographical information。
Amygdala 杏仁核
A part of the brain's limbic system that attaches emotional significance to information and mediates both defensive and aggressive behavior。
Anal Expulsive Personality
Stemming from the Anal stage； a child who bees fixated due to over control transfers his or her unresolved anal （or control） issues into characteristics such as cruelty； pushiness； messiness； or disorganization。
Anal Retentive Personality
Stemming from the Anal stage； a child who bees fixated due to under control transfers his or her unresolved anal （or control） issues into characteristics such as pulsivity； stinginess； cleanliness； organization； and obstinance。
Anal Stage
Freud's second stage of psychosexual development where the primary sexual focus is on the elimination or holding onto feces。 The stage is often thought of as representing a child's ability to control his or her own world。
Analysis
See Psychoanalysis。
Analysis of Variance
An inferential statistical procedure used to test whether or not the means of two or more sets of data are equal to each other。
ANOVA
Analysis of Variance。
Anxiety
The physiological and psychological reaction to an expected danger； whether real or imagined。
Aphasia失语症
The impairment of the ability to municate either through oral or written discourse as a result of brain damage。
Approach…Approach Conflict
The conflict presented when two opposite but equally appealing choices are available but can not both be obtained。
Approach…Avoidance Conflict
The conflict presented when the best positive choice will result in a negative oute as well as positive。
Arousal Theory唤醒理论
The theory stating that we are motivated by our innate desire to maintain an optimal level of arousal。
Assertive 武断
Style of interpersonal interaction where both the needs of the self and others are considered。 （As opposed to passive or aggressive）
Assimilation
Incorporating objects； experiences； or information into existing schemas。
Associations联想
The phenomenon in learning that states we are better able to remember information if it is paired with something we are familiar with or otherwise stands out。
Attachment 依恋
The strong bond a child forms with his or her primary caregiver。
Attribution 归因
An idea or belief about the etiology of a certain behavior。
Attribution Theory
The theory that argues people look for explanation of behavior； associating either dispositional （internal） attributes or situational （external） attributes。
Authoritarian ＇parents＇ 独裁
Parenting style focused on excessive rules； rigid belief systems； and the expectation of unquestioned obedience。
Autonomic Nervous System 植物神经系统
Part of the peripheral周围神经系统 nervous system that regulates the involuntary actions of the body （e。g。； breathing； heart rate； blood pressure； pupil dilation）。 Also regulates the Fight or Flight Phenomenon。
Availability Heuristic 启发
A rule of thumb stating that information more readily available in our memory is more important than information not as easily accessible。
Aversion厌恶 Therapy
A type of behavioral treatment where an aversive stimuli is paired with a negative behavior in hopes that the behavior will change in the future to avoid the aversive stimuli。
Avoidance…Avoidance Conflict
The conflict where both possible choices have an equal negative oute。
Axon轴突
The tail…like part of the neuron through which information exits the cell。
B
Behavior Modification矫正
The application of behavioral theory to change a specific behavior。
Behavior Therapy
The application of behavioral theory （e。g。 conditioning； reinforcement） in the treatment of mental illness。
Behaviorism
The school of psychology founded on the premise前提 that behavior is measurable and can be changed through the application of various behavioral principles。
Bell…Shaped Curve 钟型曲线
Also referred to as a normal distribution or normal curve； a bell…shaped curve is a perfect mesokurtic curve where the mean； median； and mode are equal。
Beta （uppercase）
Abbreviation for Power in statistical results。 See Type II Error。 （b）
Binocular Cues 双眼线索
Visual cues （convergence and retinal disparity） that require both eyes to perceive distance （as opposed to monocular cues）
Bisexuality
Being attracted to or aroused by members of both genders。 See Sexual Orientation。
Blind Study
As a way to avoid the placebo effect安慰剂效应 in research； this type of study is designed without the subject's knowledge of the anticipated results and sometimes even the nature of the study。 The subjects are said to be 'blind' to the expected results。
Broca’s Aphasia失语症
An aphasia associated with damage to the Broca's area of the brain； demonstrated by the impairment in producing understandable speech。
Burnout精疲力尽
Changes in thoughts； emotions； and behavior as a result of extended job stress and unrewarded repetition of duties。 Burnout is seen as extreme dissatisfaction； pessimism； lowered job satisfaction； and a desire to quit。
C
Canonical Correlation典型相关
A correlational technique used when there are two or more X and two or more Y。 （Example： The correlation between （age and sex） and （ine and life satisfaction）
Castration Anxiety阉割焦虑
According to Freud's Stages of Psychosexual Development； the fear a boy in the phallic stage experiences due to a fear that his father will render him powerless if his father finds out about his attraction toward his mother。
Catharsis宣泄
The emotional release associated with the expression of unconscious conflicts。
CEEB Score
A standard score that sets the mean to five…hundred and standard deviation to one…hundred。 Used on the Scholastic Aptitude Test （SAT）
Cell Body
The main part of a neuron where the information is processed。
Central Nervous System
The brain and the spinal cord脊髓。
Central Tendency 集中趋势
A statistical measurement attempting to depict the average score in a distribution （see mean； median； and/or mode）
Centration 自我中心
A young child's tendency to focus only on his or her own perspective of a specific object and a failure to understand that others may see things differently。
Cerebellum 小脑
Part of the brain associated with balance； smooth movement； and posture。
Cerebral Hemispheres
The two halves of the brain （right and left）
Chemical Imbalance
A generic term for the idea that chemical in the brain are either too scarce or too abundant resulting in or contributing to a mental disorder such as schizophrenia精神分裂 or bipolar disorder躁狂。 Others believe that the disorder precedes the imbalance； suggesting that a change in mood； for example； changes our chemicals rather than the chemical changing our mood。
Chunk 组块
A unit of information used in memory
Chunking
bining smaller units of measurement or chunks into larger chunks。 （e。g。； a seven chunk phone number such as 5…5…5…1…2…1…2 bees a five chunk number such as 5…5…5…12…12）
Classical Conditioning
The behavioral technique of pairing a naturally occurring stimulus and response chain with a different stimulus in order to produce a response which is not naturally occurring。
Client Centered Therapy
A humanistic therapy based on Carl Roger's beliefs that an individual has an unlimited capacity for psychological growth and will continue to grow unless barriers are placed in the way。
111
Coefficient of Determination 决定系数
The statistic or number determined by squaring the correlation coefficient系数。 Represents the amount of variance accounted for by that correlation。
Coercive Power 强制力
Power derived through the ability to punish。
Cognition
The process of receiving； processing； storing； and using information。
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Treatment involving the bination of behaviorism （based on the theories of learning） and cognitive therapy （based on the theory that our cognitions or thoughts control a large portion of our behaviors）。
Cognitive Dissonance失调
the realization of contradictions in one's own attitudes and behaviors。
Cognitive Psychology
The sub…field of psychology associated with information processing and the role it plays in emotion； behavior； and physiology。
Cognitive Therapy
The treatment approach based on the theory that our cognitions or thoughts control a large part of our behaviors and emotions。 Therefore； changing the way we think can result in positive changes in the way we act and feel。
Cohort Effects
The effects of being born and raised in a particular time or situation where all other members of your group has similar experiences that make your group unique from other groups
Collective Unconscious
According to Jung； the content of the unconscious mind that is passed down from generation to generation in all humans。
pulsion
The physical act resulting from an obsession。 Typically a pulsive act is done in an attempt to alleviate the disfort created by an obsession。
Concrete Operational Stage 具体运算
According to Piaget； the stage of cognitive development where a child between the ages of 7 and 12 begins thinking more globally and outside of the self but is still deficient不足 in abstract thought。
Concurrent Validity 同时效度
A measurements ability to correlate or vary directly with an accepted measure of the same construct
Conditioned Response
The response in a stimulus…response chain that is not naturally occurring； but rather has been learned through its pairing with a naturally occurring chain。
Conditioned Stimulus
The stimulus in a stimulus…response chain that is not naturally occurring； but rather has been learned through its pairing with a naturally occurring chain。
Conditioning
The process of learning new behaviors or responses as a result of their consequences。
Confidence Interval 置信区间
The level of certainty that the true score falls within a specific range。 The smaller the range the less the certainty。
Conformity从众
Changing your attitudes； beliefs； thoughts； or behaviors in order to be more consistent with others。
Confound
Any variable that is not part of a research study but still has an effect on the research results
Conscience
According to Freud； the restriction demanded by the superego。
Consciousness
Awareness of yourself and the world around you。
Conservation
The understanding； typically achieved in later childhood； that matter remains the same even when the shape changes （ i。e。； a