°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡
þ¶þÒ³£»DOTT£¬¾ÅÎå¡«¾ÅÁùÒ³¡£
×¢ÈýÁù£ºÔÚ²¨Ë¹ÍõÑÇ´ïѦÎ÷Ò»ÊÀ£¨ËÄÁùËÄ¡«ËĶþÈý£©ºÍ´óÀûÎÚ¶þÊÀ£¨ËĶþÈý¡«ËÄ¡ðËÄ£©µÄͳÖÎÏ¡£
×¢ÈýÆߣº²Î¿¼Gntenau£¬Everyday¡¡Life¡¡in¡¡Babylon¡¡and¡¡Assyria£¨Eng¡£trans£»London£¬£»1954£©ËÄÒ»¡«ËÄÈýÒ³¡£
×¢Èý°Ë£ºÔçÔÚÒ»°ÙÎåÊ®ÄêÇ°£¬ÒÔÈüÑÇ£¨ÈüËÄÊ®ËÄ28£»ËÄÊ®Îå1£©ÌáÃûÔ¤ÑÔËûѸËÙµØÕ÷·þÊÀ½ç£¬²¢ÇÒËûÒª³ÉΪÉñµÄ¡¸ÆÍÈË¡¹£¬´Ù³ÉÓÌÌ«È˵ÃÕü¾È¡£
×¢Èý¾Å£º¿ÉÄÜÓë°£¼°µÄÃËÔ¼ÒÑʧЧÁË£¬·¨ÀÏÑÇÂíÎ÷Ê¿ÔÙ²»Ô¸Òâ²ÎÓëÆäÖÐÁË¡£
×¢ËÄÊ®£º²Î¿¼A¡£T¡£Olmstead£¬History¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Persidn¡¡Empire£¨Chicago£ºUniversity¡¡of¡¡Chicago¡¡Press£¬1948£©£¬ËÄÎå¡«ËľÅÒ³¡£R¡£Ghirshman£¬Iran¡¡from¡¡the¡¡Earliest¡¡Times¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Islamic¡¡Conquest£»trans£¬from¡¡French£¨Baltimore£ºHammonds¡worth£¬Penguin¡¡Books£¬1954£©£¬Ò»ÈýÒ»Ò³¡£
×¢ËÄÒ»£º¹ÅÁУ¨¹ÅÁÐԲסCyrus¡¡cylinder£©ÓëÄò¨Äá¶È£¨Äò¨Äá¶ÈÄêÇ©Na¡bonidus¡¡Chronicle£©¶¼ÓÐÖØÒªµÄ±®ÎÄÂÛÊöÕâ´ÎµÄʼþ£¬ÔÚ»ù±¾µÄÊÂʵÉÏ£¬Á½¿é±®ÎÄËùÃèÊöµÄÏà·û¡£¹ØÓÚ¹ÅÁеļÇÔØ£¬²Î¿¼ANET£¬ÈýÒ»Îå¡«ÈýÒ»ÁùÒ³£¬DOTT£¬¾Å¶þ¡«¾ÅËÄÒ³£»¹ØÓÚÄò¨Äá¶ÈµÄ¼ÇÔØ£¬²Î¿¼ANET£¬Èý¡ðÁùÒ³£¬¡¡¡¡DOTT£¬°ËÒ»¡«°ËÈýÒ³¡£
×¢ËĶþ£ºJ¡£WhitbÓÐ×ã¹»µÄÀíÓÉÖ¤Ã÷Îá°Í³°Â¹Å°Í³£¨Gubaru£©Óбð£¬ÔÚÄò¨Äá¶ÈµÄ±®ÎÄÖУ¬Îá°Í³ÔøΪ¹ÅÁÐÕ÷·þ°Í±ÈÂ×£¬¶ø¹Å°Í³ÊǺóÀ´ÊܹÅÁзâΪ°Í±ÈÂ××ܶ½µÄ¡£Ðí¶àѧÕßÈÏΪÉÏÊö¶þÈËÄËÊÇͬһÈË£¬Ãû½Ð¹Å°Í³£¨Gobryas£©¡£µ«ÊÇÔÚÄò¨Äá¶Èͬһ¿éµÄ±®ÎÄÖУ¬¼ÇÔØUgbaruÔÚArahshammuÔÂÖеĵÚʮһÈÕÊÅÊÀ£¬¸ÕÔڰͱÈÂ×ʧÏݺóÊýÌ죬µ«ÔÚÆäËûµÄ±®ÎļÇÊöÖÐ˵£¬¹Å°Í³ÔڰͱÈÂ×ÈÎ×ܶ½ÊýÄê¡£WhitbÈÏΪÕâλ¹Å°Í³¼´ÊÇÂê´úÈË´óÀûÎÚ£¬µ«ÒÔÀíÊ飨Îå31£»Áù1¡¢3¡¢6¡¢7¼°ÆäËû£©ÂÅ´ÎÌá¼°Ëû¡£²Î¿¼Whitb£¬Darius¡¡the¡¡Mede£¨Grand¡¡Rapids£ºWm¡£B¡£Eerdmans¡¡Pub£®Co¡££¬1959£©¡£D¡£J¡£Wiseman³ÖÁíÒ»¸ö¹Ûµã£¬ÈÏΪ´óÀûÎÚ¾ÍÊǹÅÁб¾ÈË£»²Î¿¼Wisema£¬¡°The¡¡Last¡¡Days¡¡of¡¡Babylon¡£¡¨Christianity¡¡Today£¬2£¨Ê®Ò»Ô£¬1957£©£¬Æß¡«Ò»¡ðÒ³¡£
×¢ËÄÈý£º¹ÅÁÐÓëÄò¨Äá¶ÈµÄ±¨¸æÖУ¬¶¼Î´ÔøÌá¼°²®É³Èö£¬ÒÔÖÂÎÒÃÇÎÞ·¨½«µ«ÒÔÀíÊéµÚ¶þÕµĹÊÊÂÓëÕâ´ÎµÄÕ÷·þÅäºÏ¡£²®É³Èö¿ÉÄÜËÀÓÚÖ÷Ç°ÎåÈý¾ÅÄêʮԣ¬¹Å°Í³Ê״νøÈë°Í±ÈÂ×µÄʱºò£»»òÐíÉÔºó£¬ÔÚÉñÊ¥ÓªÀÝʧÏݵÄʱºò¡£
×¢ËÄËÄ£º¹ØÓÚÏêÇ飬²Î¿¼A¡£T¡£Olmstead£¬¼ûÇ°£»»òR¡£Ghirshman£¬¼ûÇ°¡£
×¢ËÄÎ壺WhitbÁ¦ÑԹŰͳÔÚ¹ÅÁÐÖ´Õþ¾ÅÄêʱÖÎÀí°Í±ÈÂ×Ê¡£¬ÉõÖÁÔÚ¸Õ±ÈÎ÷˹ִÕþµÄÍ·ÎåÄꣻWhitb£¬¼ûÇ°£¬Ò»Îå¡«Ò»ÁùÒ³¡¢¶þÈý¡«¶þËÄÒ³¡£
×¢ËÄÁù£ºÆäµØ¿¿½üµØÖк££¬¾àÀëÏÖÔÚµÄÈûµÃ¸ÛÒÔ¶«¶þÊ®Á¨£¬Î»ÓÚÄáÂÞºÎ×±ßµÄÖ§Á÷£¨Pelusiac£©ºÓ¿ÚÉÏ£¬ÔçÒѱ»ÓÙÄà³äÈûÁË¡£
×¢ËÄÆߣº¸Õ±ÈÎ÷˹Ч·¨Ëû¸¸Ç×µÄÕþ²ß£¬×ðÖظ÷µØµÄ×ڽ̷çË×ÓëÖƶȡ£µ«Ëûȱ·¦Ëû¸¸Ç×ÄÇÖÖΪ°ÙÐÕÓ뽨ÖþÎï×ÅÏëµÄÐÄ£¬Ëû²Ð¿áÇÒºÁÎÞÀíÐÔµØËÁÒâÆÆ»µ¡£ÒÁÀï·Ò¶¡ÆÑÖ½¼ÇÔØ˵£¬ÒÁÀï·Ò¶¡µºÉϵÄÓÌ´óÊ¥µîË¿ºÁ²»Ë𣬵«°£¼°µÄÉñÃíÈ´±»ÍƵ¹£»²Î¿¼ANET£¬ËľŶþÒ³£»DOTT£¬¶þÁù¶þ¡«¶þÁùÈýÒ³ÖеÄÒÁÀï·Ò¶¡ÆÑÖ½ÄÚÈÝ¡£
×¢ËÄ°Ë£º²¨Ë¹½«ËýÐí¶àµÄÊ¡·Ý·ÖΪ¶þÊ®¸ö½Ï´óµÄÇøÓò£¬³ÆΪʡ£¨satrapies£©£¬ÆäÖеÄ×ܶ½³ÆΪʡ³¤£¨satraps£©¡£
×¢ËľţºOlmsteadÈÏΪ˹Âó¶ûµØµ±Ê±²¢Î´Ôâɱº¦£¬¶ø´ËÈËʵÔÚÊǸձÈÎ÷˹µÄÐÖµÜ˹Âó¶ûµØ£»²Î¿¼Olmstead£¬¼ûÇ°£¬Ò»¡ðÆß¡«Ò»Ò»ÁùÒ³¡£
×¢ÎåÊ®£º±®ÎÄÓò¨Ë¹ÎÄ¡¢ÒÔÀ¹ÎĺÍÑÇ¿¦µÃÎÄÊéд£¬¿ÌÔڹʰͱÈÂ×ÓëÒÁ¿Ë°ÍËûÄÃͨµÀÅÔ£¬Èý°ÙÎåÊ®³ßµÄÇͱÚÉÏ¡£Ö÷ÒªÊÇ͸¹ýH¡£C¡£RawlinsonÔÚÒ»°ËÈýÎåÄêµÄŬÁ¦£¬ËûÅʵÇÕâ¸öɽÑ£¬³Ð´²¢ÖÆÔìÓ¡Ä££¬Ê¹ÕâЩ±®ÎĽÒ¶ÁËÑо¿Ð¨ÐÎÎÄ×ÖµÄÃØÃÜ¡£×î½üGeorge¡¡C¡£CameronÔøÏêϸÑжÁ±®ÎÄ¡£²Î¿¼Cameron£¬JNES£¬2£¨1943£©£¬Ò»Ò»ÎåÒ³¼°ÏÂÎÄ£¬Cameron¡¡National¡¡Geographic¡¡Magazine£¬98£¨1950£©£¬°Ë¶þÎå¡«°ËËÄËÄÒ³¡£
×¢ÎåÒ»£º²Î¿¼Olmstead£¬¼ûÇ°£¬¶þÈýÁù¡«ÆßÒ³¡£¹ØÓÚѦÎ÷ͳÖÎÖ®¹ú¼ÒµÄÃûµ¥£¬¼°ËûµÇ»ùʱ£¬ÄÇЩÒÑÔÍÄð±³ÅÑÖ®·çµÄ¹ú¼Ò£¬²Î¿¼ANET£¬Ò»Áù¡ªÈýÒ»ÆßÒ³¡£
×¢Îå¶þ£ºÕâÊDz¨Ë¹×Ö¡®Ebirnari'µÄÑÇÀ¼ÎÄƴд·¨¡£Òâ˼ÊÇ¡¸ÔÚºÓÍ⡹¡£ÕâÊÇ´óÀûÎÚÖØ×éʱËù²úÉúµÄÇøÓò£¬°´Ï£ÂÞ¶àµÂµÄ¼ÇÔØ£¨Historiae£¬III£¬pp¡£89¡«97£©£¬°üÀ¨¡¸ËùÓÐëèÄá»ù¡¢°ÍÀÕ˹̹¡¢ÐðÀûÑǼ°ÈûÆÑ·˹¡¹¡£²Î¿¼M¡£Avi¡Yonah£¬¡¡¡¡The¡¡Holy¡¡Land£¨Grand¡¡Rapids£ºBaker¡¡Book¡¡House£¬1966£©£¬Ò»Ò»¡«Ò»¶þÒ³¡£
×¢ÎåÈý£º´ÓÕâʱ¼äÒÔºó£¬ÈËÃǹ߳ÆÒÔÉ«ÁÐÀúʷΪ¡¸ÓÌ´ó¡¹ÀúÊ·¡£ÒòΪ´ó²¿·Ý×Ô±»Â°Ö®µØ¹é»ØµÄ£¬ÊôÓÚÓÌ´óÖ§ÅÉ£¬ËùÒÔ²úÉúÕâÃû³Æ¡£
×¢ÎåËÄ£º¹ÅÁÐÖøÃûµÄÔ²ÖùÉÏ˵Ã÷ÕâÖÖÕþ²ß£¬²Î¿¼ANET£¬ÈýÒ»ÁùÒ³£»DOTT£¬¾ÅÈýÒ³¡£
×¢ÎåÎ壺²Î¿¼Noth£¬NHI£¬Èý¡ðÆß¡«Èý¡ð°ËÒ³£»Bright£¬BHI£¬ÈýËÄÈý¡«ÈýËÄËÄÒ³¡£
×¢ÎåÁù£º²Î¿¼±¾Õ£¬ËĶþËÄ¡«ËĶþÎåÒ³¡£
×¢ÎåÆߣºµÚÒ»´ÎµÄÚÍÖ¼ÓÃÏ£²®À´ÎÄд³É£¬ÓйÙʽÎĸæµÄ¸ñʽ¡£µÚ¶þ·ÝµÄÚÍÖ¼ÓÃÑÇÀ¼ÎÄд³É£¬ÓÐÒ»ÖÖdikronaµÄ¸ñʽ£¬ÕâÊÇÒ»ÖÖÍõÊÒ¿ÚÍ·Òé¾öµÄ±¸Íü¼¡£²Î¿¼Bright£¬BHIÈýËĶþ¡«ËÄÈýÒ³£»E¡£J£®Bickerman£¬¡°The¡¡Edict¡¡of¡¡Cyrus¡¡in¡¡Ezra¡¡I£¬¡±JBL£¬65£¨1946£©£¬¶þËÄËÄ¡«¶þÆßÎåÒ³£»R¡£A¡£Bowman£¬¡¡¡¡Interpreter's¡¡Bible£¬III£¬£¨1954£©£¬ÎåÆß¡ð¡«ÎåÆßÈýÒ³£¬ÁùÒ»Èý¡«ÁùÒ»ÁùÒ³¡£
×¢Îå°Ë£º¹ÅÁÐÈç´Ë¸ß¾Ù¡¸Ò®ºÍ»ªÌìÉϵÄÉñ¡¹£¨ÀÒ»2£©²¢²»Ï¡¼Ä£¬ÒòΪËûҲͬÑù³ÆËÌÂê¶û¶Å¿Ë£»²Î¿¼ANET£¬Ò»Îå¡«ÈýÒ»ÁùÒ³¡£ÕâÖÖÚÆÃÄ·î³ÐÍâ°îÉñÖ»µÄ˵·¨£¬ÓëËûµÄ°²¸§Õþ²ß·Ç³£µÄÎǺϡ£
×¢Îå¾Å£ºÉè°ÍÈø¿ÉÄܼ´ÊÇËùÂްͲ®¡£¶þÈËͬ±»³ÆΪÓÌ´óµÄ¡¸Ê¡³¤¡¹£¨ÀÎå14£»¹þÒ»1£©£¬¶øÇÒËûÃǶ¼Áìµ¼Öؽ¨Ê¥µî£¨ÀÎå16£»Îå2£©¡£µ«ÊÇ£¬¼ÈÈ»Á½¸öÃû×Ö¶¼ÊǰͱÈÂ×µÄÃû×Ö£¨Zer¡Babel¡¡and¡¡Shin¡ab¡usur£©£¬ËùÒÔ³ý·ÇÊÇÖ¸²»Í¬µÄÈËÎ·ñÔòÎÞÀíÓÉÓò»Í¬µÄÃû×Ö¡£²Î¿¼Young''Con¡¡¡cordanceÖÐAlbright£¬¡°Recent¡¡Discoveries¡¡in¡¡Bible¡¡Lands¡£¡¨ÈýÁùÒ³¡£ÏÔÈ»ËùÂްͲ®¼Ì³ÐÁËÉè°ÍÈø£¬Ëû¿ÉÄÜÊÇ×·ËæÉè°ÍÈøͬ¹ú£¬¶øÇÒÔçÒѷdz£»îÔ¾ÁË¡£ÈôÉè°ÍÈø¾ÍÊÇʾÄÃÈø£¨Shenazar£»´úÉÏÈý18£©£¬ËùÂްͲ®¾ÍÊÇËûµÄÖ¶×ÓÁË¡£ÕâÊÇÓпÉÄܵģ¬ÒòΪÕâÁ½¸öÃû×Ö¸÷ÏàµÈÓڰͱÈÂ×µÄËõд×ÖSinabusur£¨Ô¸ÐÁÉñ±£»¤¸¸Ç×£©¡£²Î¿¼Wright£¬BAR£¬¶þ¡ðÈý¡«¶þ¡ðÎåÒ³£»Albright£¬JBL£¬40£¨1921£©Ò»¡ð°Ë¡«Ò»Ò»¡ðÒ³¡£¶þÈ˶¼ÊÇԼюïµÄºóÒᣨ´úÉÏÈý16¡«19£»Ì«Ò»11¡«13£©¡£
×¢ÁùÊ®£ºÒÔ˹ÌûÓ벨˹µÄͳÖÎÕßѦÎ÷Ò»ÊÀ³É»é£¨Ñ¦Î÷ÊDz¨Ë¹ÃûKhshayarshaµÄÏ£À°Ãû×Ö£¬ÓëÏ£²®À´ÎĵÄÑǹþËæ³Ïàͬ£¬Ë¹Ò»1£©£¬Ëû×ÔËÄ°ËÁù¡«ËÄÁùÎåÄêÖ´Õþ¡£
×¢ÁùÒ»£ºÄÇÊéÑÇÊÇÔ¼Èø´ðµÄ¶ù×Ó£¬Ô¼Èø´ð£¨Jehozadak»òJosadak£©Ò²Ôø±»Â°£¬ËûÊÇÒÔÀûÑÇÈöµÄºóÒᣬÊôÓÚÈö¶½Ö®Æ×ϵµÄ£¨´úÉÏÁù15£©¡£
×¢Áù¶þ£ºÕâЩÈöÂêÀûÑÇÈËÆð³õëËì×Ô¼öÒªÐÖú½¨µî£¬µ«È´ÔâËùÂްͲ®Î¯ÍñµØ¾Ü¾øÁË£¨ËûÃǶÔÉñµÄ¾´°Ýµ±ÖÐÒѲôÔÓÁËÍâ°îÉñµÄ¾´°Ý£¬ÍõÏÂÊ®Æß29¡«41£©£¬ºóÀ´ËûÃDZ㹫Ȼ×÷¶Ô¡£
×¢ÁùÈý£º²Î¿¼M¡£Avi¡Yonah£¬¼ûÇ°£¬Ò»ÈýÒ³µÄÂÛÊö¡£
×¢ÁùËÄ£º¿ÉÄÜÕâЩÀ͹¤´ó²¿·ÝÊDZ»Â°¹é»ØµÄÈË¡£ÔÚ±»Â°ÆÚ¼äÈÔÈ»Áô¾ÓÓÌ´óµØµÄÓÌÌ«ÈË£¬¿ÉÄܲ»»á³ä·ÝµÄºÏ×÷£¬ÒòΪËûÃÇÏÖ½ñÒª·ÖÈÃËûÃǵķ¿ÎÝÓëÌïµØ£¬ÕâÖÖÇéÐÎ×ÔÈ»²úÉúÄ¥²Á¡£ÀàËƵIJ»ºÍÄÀÒ²»áÁ¬ÀÛÊ¥µîµÄ½¨Ôì¡£
×¢ÁùÎ壺һЩѧÕßÈÏΪÒÔ˹ÀµÄÈÕÆÚÊÇÑÇ´ïѦÎ÷¶þÊÀµÚÆßÄ꣨Ö÷Ç°Èý¾Å°ËÄ꣩£¬ÆäËûÈÏΪÊÇÑÇ´ïѦÎ÷Ò»ÊÀµÚÈýÊ®ÆßÄ꣨Ö÷Ç°ËĶþ°ËÄ꣩¡£ÎÒÃDZØÐëͬʱ¾Ü¾øÕâÁ½¸öÂ۵㣻ÓйصÄÌÖÂÛ£¬²Î¿¼Rowley£¬¡°The¡¡Chronological¡¡Order¡¡of¡¡Ezra¡¡and¡¡Nehemiah¡¨in¡¡The¡¡Servant¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Lord¡¡and¡¡Other¡¡Essays¡¡on¡¡the¡¡Old¡¡Testamentt£¨London£ºLutter¡worth¡¡Press£¬1952£¬Ò»ÈýÒ»¡«Ò»Îå¾ÅÒ³£©£»Bright£¬BHI£¬ÈýÆßÎå¡«Èý°ËÁùÒ³£»J¡£S¡¡Wright£¬The¡¡Dete¡¡of¡¡Ezra's¡¡ing¡¡to¡¡Jerusalem£¨2d£®ed¡££»London£ºTyndale¡¡Press£¬1958£©¡£
×¢ÁùÁù£º²Î¿¼M¡£AviÒ»Yonah£¬¼ûÇ°£¬Ò»¶þÒ³¡£
×¢ÁùÆߣ»³ýÁËÒÔ˹À¼ÇÓëÄáÏ£Ã×¼ÇÍ⣬¡¸ÄáÌáÄþ¡¹£¨¡°given¡¡¡¡ones¡¨Ö»³öÏÖÔÚÀú´úÖ¾ÉϾÅÕÂ2½Ú¡£Èý°Ù¾ÅÊ®¶þλÄáÌáÄþÓëÉè°ÍÈøһͬ¹é»ØҮ·ÈöÀ䣬À¶þ58£©£¬¶þ°Ù¶þʮλ¸úËæÒÔ˹À£¨À°Ë20£©¡£ËûÃÇ¿ÉÄÜÊǹúÍâÇô·¸µÄºóÒᣬÀýÈç»ù±éÈ˵ĺóÒᣨÊé¾Å27£©£¬ËûÃǵÄÖ°ÔðÊÇÔÚÊ¥µî·þÊ£¬ÎªÀûδÈËÌôË®¿³²ñ£¬´óÎÀÔø·ÖÅÉÄáÌáÄþ¸ºÔðÕâµÈµÄ¹¤×÷£¨À°Ë20£©¡£ÒÔ˹À¼Ç¶þÕÂ43ÖÁ58½ÚµÄÄáÌáÄþ£¬ËûÃǵÄÃû×ÖÊÇÍâ¹úÈ˵ÄÃû×Ö£»¶øÒÔ˹µÃÀÒ»ÊéÎåÕÂ29½Ú¼°Ô¼Éª·ò£¨Antiq¡¡XI£¬5£¬1£©³ÆËûÃÇΪ¡¸µîÒÛ¡¹£¨¡°temple¡¡slaves¡¨£©¡£
×¢Áù°Ë£º¿ÉÄܵ±Ê±ÓÌ´óûÓÐ×Ô¼ºµÄÊ¡³¤£¨²Î¿¼±¾Õ£¬ËÄÎåËÄÒ³£¬×¢Æ߶þ£©£¬Òò´Ë£¬ÈöÂêÀûÑÇÈËÒÔΪ¿ÉÈÎÒâ¸ÉÉæ¡£
×¢Áù¾Å£ºÒÔ˹À¼ÇËÄÕÂ6ÖÁ23½ÚµÄƪ·ùλÖ㬲¢·Ç°´Äê´ú¶ø±àÅŵģ¬ÄËÊÇ°´×ÅÀàËƵÄÖ÷Ìâ¶ø×éºÏ¡£°´Äê´ú¶øÑÔ£¬Õâ¶Î¾ÎÄËƺõÉÏϲ»Ïνӣ¬ÒòΪ£¨1£©ÆäÖÐÌáµ½Á½Î»¾ýÍõÑǹþËæ³£¨Ñ¦Î÷ËÄ°ËÁù¡«ËÄÁùÎ壩ºÍÑÇ´ïѦÎ÷£¨ËÄÁùÎå¡«ËĶþÎ壩£¬ËûÃÇͳÖεÄʱ¼ä½Ï±¾ÕÂËùÃèÊöµÄ½¨µîʱÆÚÒªÍí£»£¨2£©ÐżþÖÐÌá¼°³ÇÄÚ¡¸³Çǽ¡¹Ó롸¸ù»ù¡¹µÄ½¨Éè»î¶¯£¬²¢²»Êǽ¨µî£»£¨3£©µ±²¨Ë¹Íõ½Óµ½Õâ·âÐŵÄʱºò£¬Ëû²¢²»Äܹ»ÕÒ³ö¹ÅÁÐÔÀ´µÄÚÍÖ¼£¬µ«ÔÚÖ÷Ç°Îå¶þ¡ðÄ꣬ÁíÒ»·âÐųʵݸøËûµÄʱºò£¨ÀÎå7¡«Áù5£©£¬ËûÈ´ÕÒµ½ÚÍÖ¼ÁË£¬Òò´Ë£¬ÒÔ˹À¼ÇµÚËÄÕµÄÐżþÈôÔÚÖ÷Ç°Îå¶þ¡ðÄêºó³ÊµÝ£¬½ÏΪºÏÀí¡£
×¢ÆßÊ®£ºÓйصÄÂÛÊö£¬²Î¿¼H¡£H¡£Rowley£¬¡°Nehemiah's¡¡Mission¡¡and¡¡Its¡¡Background¡¨£¬BJRL£¬73£¨ÈýÔÂ1955£©£¬Îå¶þ°Ë¡«ÎåÁùÒ»Ò³¡£RowleyÈÏΪÕâ´ÎµÐ¶ÔʼþµÄÈÕÆÚ£¬¸ÕÔÚÖ÷Ç°ËÄËÄÎåÄ꣬ÄáÏ£Ã׻عúÒÔÇ°¡£Ëû½«ÒÔ˹ÀµÄ¹é»Ø·ÅÖÃÔÚÄáÏ£Ã×Ö®ºó¡£
×¢ÆßÒ»£ºÒÔ˹ÀÔÚÑÇ´ïѦÎ÷µÚ°ËÄê¹é»Ø¡£ÎÒÃDz»ÄÑÃ÷°×£¬ÒÔ˹À²¢Î´ÔÚËû¹é»ØÒÔºóµÄÀúÊ·¼ÇÔØÖÐÌá¼°´ËʵÄÔÒò£¬ÒòΪËûûÓÐÂÛÊöÖ÷Ç°ËÄÎå°ËÄêºóµÄÀúÊ·ÊÂʵ¡£ËûµÄÖø×÷ÒÔÃèдÀë»éµÄʼþ×÷½áÊø£¬Õâ¼þÊÂÇéÔÚËûµÚÒ»´Î¹é»Øºó°Ë¸öÔÂÄÚÍê³É£¨²Î¿¼ÀÆß9£»Ê®17£©£¬Òò´Ë£¬ÈôÒÔ˹ÀÒª¼Ó²å¼ÇÔØÕâ·âÊéÐÅ£¬±Ø¶¨»áÓëÀúÊ·¼ÇÔصÄ˳Ðò²»·û¡£ÒÔ˹À¼ÇµÚ¾ÅÕÂ9½ÚËùÖ¸µÄ¡¸Ç½Ô«¡¹£¬²»¿ÉÄÜÖ¸×ÅÄÇÒ»¶Èʧ°ÜµÄ½¨Ç½Ê¼þ˵µÄ¡£
×¢Æ߶þ£ºÄáÏ£Ã×µÖ´ïÓÌ´óºó£¬²¢Î´Ôø¸ïÃâÈκÎÇ°ÈÎÊ¡³¤µÄÐж¯£¬¿É¼ûÔÚÄáÏ£Ã×֮ǰ²»¾Ã²¢ÎÞÊ¡³¤¡£ËäÈ»ÒÔ˹ÀÈÔÈ»ÔÚÊÀ£¬ÇÒÊ®·Ö»îÔ¾£¬µ«Ëû²¢·ÇÊ¡³¤¡£
×¢ÆßÈý£ºµ±È»£¬ÑÇ´ïѦÎ÷Ôڻظ²ÈöÂêÀûÑǵÄÐÅ£¬ÓëÔÊ×¼ÄáÏ£Ã׻عúµÄÆÚ¼äÄÚ£¬ÒѸıäÁËÖ÷Òâ¡£´ÓÊÀ½çÀúÊ·£¨²Î¿¼±¾Õ£¬ËÄÎåÎåÒ³£¬×¢ÆßËÄ£©ÓëÒÔ˹À¼ÇËÄÕÂ6ÖÁ23½ÚÖеļÇÔØ£¬¿É¼ûµ±Ê±Î÷·½²»°²µÄÇéÐ÷£¬ÕâÖÖÇé¿ö¿ÉÄÜ´Ù³ÉËûµÄ¸Ä±ä¡£Ò»Î»ÏñÄáÏ£Ã×Éí·ÝµÄÓÌ´óÊ¡³¤£¬ÖÒÓÚÍõÊÒ£¬¿ÉÒÔ³ÉΪһ¹ÉÖØÒªµÄÎȶ¨µÄÁ¦Á¿£»¶øÇÒÈÎÅÉËû½¨ÔìҮ·ÈöÀäµÄ³ÇéÉ£¬¿ÉÒÔÔö¼ÓËûËùÐèÒªµÄÍþÍû¡£
×¢ÆßËÄ£ºËäÈ»ÑÇ°ÍÄǹþÀµÄÇé¿ö½ÏÒÔÍùÂÔÓиÄÉÆ£¨²Î¿¼±¾Õ£¬ËÄÈý¡ð¡«ËÄÈýÒ»Ò³£©£¬µ«ÈÔÈ»ÃÖÂþ×Ų»°²µÄÆøÏ¢¡£ÑÇ´ïѦÎ÷´Ó¿ªÊ¼Í³ÖεÄʱºò£¬¾Í±»Ï£À°¹¥»÷ÈûÆÑ·˹µÄʼþËù·³ÈÅ£¬¶øÔÚÖ÷Ç°ËÄÁù¡ðÄ꣬¸üÓö¼û°£¼°ÑÏÖصÄÅѱ䣬Õâ´ÎµÄÅѱäÊÇÓÉÏ£À°Ö§Ô®µÄ¡£Åѱä³ÖÐøÖÁËÄÎåËÄÄֱ꣬ÖÁ×îºó£¬ÑÇ°ÍÄǹþÀµÄÊ¡³¤Âó¼Ó±ÈËÕ½«ËüÕòѹÏÂÀ´¡£µ«ÎåÄêºó£¬²Î¼Ó±ÈËÕ×Ô¼º·´ÅÑ£¬¶øÑÇ´ïѦÎ÷×î½ü²ÅÔÙ¶ÈÖØ»ñϽÖÆȨ¡£ÕâЩʼþÏÔÈ»´ßʹÍõΪÄáÏ£Ã×¼°Í¬ÐÐÕßÔ¤±¸»¤Ë;ü¡£
×¢ÆßÎ壺ÏÔȻΪÁËʹÌì»ú²»¿Éй©¸øËûµÄµÐÈË¡£ÄáÏ£Ã×ÒÔÇ°ÊÂΪ¼ø£¬Ô¤ÆڻᷢÉúÂé·³¡£
×¢ÆßÁù£ºÓйصØÐÎÖ®ÃèÊö£¬²Î¿¼J¡£Simons£¬Jerusalem¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Old¡¡Testa¡ment£¨Leiden£ºE¡£J£®Brill£¬1952£©£¬ËÄÈý¶þÒ³¼°ÏÂÎÄ¡£
×¢ÆßÆߣºÔÚÒÁÀï·Ò¶¡µÄÑÇÀ¼ÎÄÆÑÖ½ÖУ¬Ëû±»³ÆΪÈöÂêÀûÑǵÄÊ¡³¤£»ANET£¬ËľŶþÒ³£»DOTT£¬¶þÁùËÄÒ³£¬²Î°ÍÀ£¨Sinuballit£©ÊǰͱÈÂ×µÄÃû×Ö£¬µ«ËûÁ½¸ö¶ù×ÓÈ´ÓÐÓÌ´óÃû×Ö£¬µÚÀ´ÑźÍʾÂêÑÅ¡£
×¢Æß°Ë£º¿ÉÄÜËûÊǶà±ÈÑÅÈ˵ÄÏÈ×棬×Ô´ËÒÔºó£¬ËûÃÇͳÖÎÑÇÞÑÊýÊÀ¼ÍÖ®¾Ã£¬ÕýÈçÕÜ¿äÆÑÖ½£¨Zeno¡¡Papyri£¬µÚÈýÊÀ¼Í£©¼°ÔÚ¡®Araq¡¡¡¡el¡EmirµÄ¹¬µîºÍĹѨ·ÏÐæËù˵Ã÷µÄ£¬Õâ¸ö·ÏÐæÔÚ½ñÈÕÔ¼µ«ºÓµÄAmman¸½½ü¡£ÔÚÕâ¸ö¼Ò×åÂñÔáµÄÏÖ³¡£¬·¢ÏÖÒ»¿éʯ±®¿ÌÓжà±ÈÑÅÕâ¸öÃû×Ö£¬¿ÉÄÜÊÇÔ´ÓÚÕâ¸öʱÆڵĶà±ÈÑÅ¡£¹ØÓÚ¶à±ÈÑÅÈ˵ÄÂÛÊö£¬²Î¿¼C¡£C¡£¡¡McCown£»BA£¬20£¨1957£©£¬ÁùÈý¡«ÆßÁùÒ³£»R¡£A¡£Bowman£¬Interpreter's¡¡Bible¡¡III£¬£¨1954£©£¬ÁùÆßÁùÒ³¼°ÏÂÎÄ¡£
×¢Æ߾ţºÔÚ¹ÅDedan£¨modern¡¡el¡'Ula£©µÄ¼ÍÄî±®ÉÏ£¬¼°ÔÚ°£¼°Èý½ÇÖÞ·¢ÏÖÖ®Æ÷ÃóÉÏËù¿ÌµÄÑÇÀ¼ÎÄÏ×Ê«ÖУ¬¶¼ÓÐÌá¼°£»²Î¿¼F¡£M¡£¡¡Cross£¬BA£¬18£¨1955£©£¬ËÄÁùÒ³¼°ÏÂÎÄ£»I£®Rabinowitz£¬JNES£¬15£¨1956£©£¬¶þÒ³¡¢Îå¡«¾ÅÒ³¡£
×¢°ËÊ®£ºÒòΪÎåÊ®¶þÌìµÄÈÕÆÚ¹ý¶Ì£¬ËùÒÔһЩѧÕߣ¨ÀýÈçAlbright£¬BP£¬Îå¶þÒ³£¬»òBright£¬BHIÈýÁùÎåÒ³£©²ÉÄÉԼɪ·òµÄ³ÂÊö£¨Antiq£¬XI£¬5£¬8£©£¬ÈÏΪʵ¼ÊÉÏÓÐÁ½ÄêÁãËĸöÔÂÖ®¾Ã¡£µ«ÊÇ£¬ÕâÑù¶ÌµÄÈÕÆÚÒ²²»¿ÉÄÜ£¬ÒòΪµ±Ê±µÄÇé¿ö·Ç³£½ô¼±£¬ÓÐÐí¶àµÄÀ͹¤£¬¶øÇÒÖ»ÓÐÒ»²¿·ÝµÄ³ÇǽÐèÒªÖؽ¨¡£
×¢°ËÒ»£ºÔÚÓÌ´óÄϲ¿£¬ÉèÁ¢ÒÔÉÏÂòÊ¡£¨Idumaea£¬Diodrus¡¡XIX£¬95£¬2£»98£¬1£©¡£µ±µØµÄ¾ÓÃñÊÇÒÔ¶«ÈË¡£Õâ¸öÊ¡·Ý³ýÁËÑغ£Æ½ÔÍ⣬°üÀ¨±±²¿µÄÏ£²®ÂØ£¬¼°Äϲ¿µÄ±ðÊÇ°Í¡£²Î¿¼M¡£Avi¡Yonah£¬The¡¡Holy¡¡Land£¨Grand¡¡Rapids£ºBaker¡¡Book¡¡House£¬1966£©£¬¶þÎå¡«¶þÁùÒ³¡£
×¢°Ë¶þ£ºÎÊÌâÊǹØÓÚһƬÑÓÉìÖÁÑغ£Æ½ÔµÄÏÁ³¤µØ´ø£¬ÊÇ·ñÔÚÕⷶΧÄÚ£¬ÆäÖаüÀ¨Â޵£¨Lod£©¡¢¹þµÚ£¨Hadid£©¡¢°¢Å²£¨Ono£©Èý¸ö³ÇÒØ¡£µ«²Î°ÍÀ¼ÈȻҪÇóÔÚ°¢Å²ÓëÄáÏ£Ã×»áÎ°¢Å²±ã¿ÉÄÜÊÇÒ»¸öÖÐÁ¢µØ´ø£¬Òò´Ë£¬ÕâƬÏÁ³¤µÄµØÍÁ±ã²»¿ÉÄÜÊÇÓÌ´óµÄÒ»²¿·ÝÁË¡£
×¢°ËÈý£º¹ØÓÚÆäÖеÄÂÛÊö£¬²Î¿¼M¡£Noth£¬NHI£¬Èý¶þÎå¡«Èý¶þÁùÒ³£»M¡£Avi¡Yonah¼ûÇ°£¬Ò»ËÄ¡«¶þ¶þÒ³¡£
×¢°ËËÄ£ºÄáÏ£Ã×¼ÇʮһÕÂ3ÖÁ36½ÚµÄÃûµ¥£¬´ú±í×ÅÄáÏ£Ã×ʱ´úµÄÈË¿Ú¡£ÄáÏ£Ã×¼ÇÊ®¶þÕÂ1ÖÁ26½Ú£¬¼À˾ÓëÀûδÈ˵ÄÃû¼£¬´ú±í×Å×ÔËùÂްͲ®ÖÁÄáÏ£Ã×ʱ´úÖеÄÈËÎï¡£
×¢°ËÎ壺¼ÈÈ»ÄáÏ£Ãײ»ÊǼÀ˾£¬ËùÒÔËûÈÃλ¸øÉíΪ¼À˾µÄÒÔ˹À¡£ÁîÈ˷ѽâµÄÊÇ£¬ÄáÏ£Ãײ¢Î´¾³£Ìá¼°ÒÔ˹À¡£Ëû¿ÉÄܲ»´ó²ÎÓëÄáÏ£Ã×רÐÄÖÂÒâµÄÃñÕþ¡£
×¢°ËÁù£º¿ÉÄܸü¶àÊÇÔÚÆäËû·½Ã棬¶ø²»ÊÇÔÚÔÓ»éµÄʼþÉÏ£¬ÒòΪ¸ÕÔÚÊ®ÈýÄêÇ°¡£ÒÔ˹ÀÔø´¦ÀíÕâ¸öÎÊÌ⣻Ȼ¶øÖ÷Ç°ËÄÈý¡ðÄ꣬ÄáÏ£Ã×ÓÖÔÙ¶ÈÃæÁÙÕâ¸öÎÊÌâÁË£»²Î¿¼±¾Õ£¬ËÄÈýÆß¡«ËÄËÄÈýÒ³¡£
×¢°ËÆߣº¹ØÓÚÄÚÈÝÓëÂÛÊö£¬²Î¿¼DOTT£¬¶þÁù¡ð¡«¶þÁùÎåÒ³¡£
×¢°Ë°Ë£º²»µ¥¡¸ÑǹþË泡¹Õâ¸öÏ£²®À´Ãû×Ö£¬ÓëѦÎ÷µÄ²¨Ë¹Ãû×Ö¡°Khsheyar¡sha¡¨£¨²Î¿¼±¾Õ£¬ËÄÎåÈýÒ³£¬×¢ÁùÊ®£©ÒâÒåÏà·û£»ÒÔ˹Ìû¼ÇËù·´Ó³µÄÀúÊ·£¬ÓëѦÎ÷ÓйصÄÀúÊ·Ò²·Ç³£ÎǺϣ»¶øÒÔ˹Ìû¼ÇÖУ¬ÑǹþËæ³µÄÐÔÇ飬ÓëÊÀ½çÊ·ÖеÄѦÎ÷Ö®ÔìÐÍÏàËÆ¡£
×¢°Ë¾Å£º¿ÉÄÜÔÚÕâ¸öóÛÑçÖУ¬Ñ¦Î÷²ß»®ËûÄǽø¹¥Ï£À°µÄÖøÃûÕ½ÒÛ¡£
×¢¾ÅÊ®£ºËýµÄÏ£²®À´Ãû×ÖÊǹþ´óɳ£¨Hadassah£¬Ë¹¶þ7£©£¬Òâ˼ÊÇ¡¸ÃÄÌô¡¹£¨myrtle£©¡£ÒÔ˹Ìû¿ÉÄÜÒâÖ¸°Í±ÈÂ׵ġ¸ÒÁÊ©Ëû¶û¡¹£¨Ishtar£©£¬ÊÇһλÖØҪ֮ŮÉñµÄÃû×Ö¡£
×¢¾ÅÒ»£º°Í±ÈÂ×µÄÃû×ÖÊǸù¾ÝÉñÖ»Âê¶û¶Å¿ËµÄÃû×ÖÀ´ÃüÃûµÄ¡£
×¢¾Å¶þ£ºÊéɺλÓÚ²¨Ë¹Î÷Äϲ¿µÄ¿¨¹þºÎ£¨Karkheh¡¡River£©ÉÏ£¬¾à²¨Ë¹ÍåÒÔ±±Ò»°ÙÎåÊ®Á¨¡£ÔçÄêÊÇÒÔÀ¹µÄÊ׶¼¡£ÔÚ°¢¿ÑÃ×ÄáÍõ³¯£¬ËüÊÇÈý¸öÊ׶¼Ö®Ò»¡£´óÀûÎÚÒ»ÊÀÔøÔÚµ±µØ½¨ÔìÒ»×ù»ªÀöµÄ¹¬µî£¬Õ¼µØÁ½Ó¢Ä¶¡£ÒÔ˹ÌûÏÔȻסÔÚÕâ×ù¹¬µîÄÚ¡£Ò»°Ë°Ë¡ðÄêºÍÒ»°Ë¾Å¡£Ä꣬·¨¹úµÄ·¢¾òÕߣ¬ÔÚM£®DieulafoyµÄÁ쵼ϣ¬·¢¾òµ±µØ¡£Ëù·¢ÏÖµÄÖØÒªÎï¼þ´¢²ØÔÚ°ÍÀèµÄÂÞ¸¡¹¬¡£²Î¿¼R¡£Gmrshman£¬Iran¡¡from¡¡the¡¡Earliest¡¡Times¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Islamic¡¡Conquest£¨Baltimore£ºPenguin¡¡Books£¬1954£©¡£
×¢¾ÅÈý£º×ÔµÚÈýÄêÖÁµÚÆßÄê¼ä£¬Ëû¶¼ÂñÊ×ÓÚÏ£À°Õ½ÒÛÖС£²Î¿¼±¾Õ£¬ËÄÈý¡ð¡«ËÄÈýÒ»Ò³£¬ÒÔ˹ÌûÊÇÔÚÖ÷Ç°ËÄÆß°ËÄêºóÆÚ±»³ÙΪºóµÄ¡£
×¢¾ÅËÄ£ºÔÚµÚÒ»Ì죬ÓÌÌ«È˷dz£Ë³ÀûµØÍÀɱËûÃǵĵÐÈË£¬Òò´Ë£¬ÒÔ˹ÌûÒªÇóÍõ×¼ÐíËûÃÇÔÚµÚ¶þÌì¼ÌÐø²ÉÈ¡Ðж¯£¬ÍõÔÊ×¼ÁË¡£Á½ÌìÖ®ÄÚ£¬ÆßÍòÎåǧÈËÉ¥Ãü¡£
×¢¾ÅÎ壺Íõ½«ÚÍÖ¼´«µÝÒ»°Ù¶þÊ®Æ߸öÊ¡·Ý£¨Ë¹Èý13£»°Ë9£©£¬µ«²¢·Ç˵ÓÌÌ«È˱鲼ÔÚÒ»°Ù¶þÊ®Æ߸öÊ¡·ÝÄÚ¡£¿ÉÄÜËùÓеÄÚÍÖ¼¶¼Ó¦¸Ã´«Ë͵½µÛ¹úµÄÿһ²¿·Ý¡£
×¢¾ÅÁù£ºÏÈÇ°Ìá¼°ÔÚÄáÆÕ¶ûËù·¢ÏÖµÄʯ±®¶¼ÊÇÕâ¸öʱÆڵģ¨²Î¿¼±¾Õ£¬ËĶþÁù¡«ËĶþ°ËÒ³£©¡£±®ÎÄÇå³þµØ¼ÇÔص½£¬ÓÌÌ«ÈËÔÚóÒ×·½Ãæ·Ç³£»îÔ¾¡£
×¢¾ÅÆߣºÕâ¸öÊÂʵʹÊéÖÐÉñµÄ´æÔÚÓë¹ØÐľßÓÐÕæʵ¸Ð£¬ÒòΪÊéÖв¢Î´Ìá¼°ËûµÄÃû×Ö¡£
×¢¾